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In iron\u2010depleted women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934; median serum ferritin 19.4\u2009\u03bcg\/L), we administered 100\u2009mg iron doses labeled with <jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>Fe, <jats:sup>57<\/jats:sup>Fe, or <jats:sup>58<\/jats:sup>Fe in each of six different conditions with: (1) water (reference) in the morning; (2) 80\u2009mg AA; (3) 500\u2009mg AA; (4) coffee; (5) breakfast including coffee and orange juice (containing ~90\u2009mg AA); and (6) water in the afternoon. Fractional iron absorption (FIA) from these <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009204 doses was calculated based on erythrocyte incorporation of multiple isotopic labels. Compared to the reference: 80\u2009mg AA increased FIA by 30% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) but 500\u2009mg AA did not further increase FIA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.226); coffee decreased FIA by 54% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.004); coffee with breakfast decreased FIA by 66% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) despite the presence of ~90\u2009mg of AA. Serum hepcidin was higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and FIA was 37% lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.059) in the afternoon compared to the morning. Our data suggest that to maximize efficacy, ferrous iron supplements should be consumed in the morning, away from meals or coffee, and with an AA\u2010rich food or beverage. Compared to consuming a 100\u2009mg iron dose in the morning with coffee or breakfast, consuming it with orange juice alone results in a\u2009~\u20094\u2010fold increase in iron absorption, and provides ~20 more mg of absorbed iron per dose. The trial was registered at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>(NCT04074707).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T08:49:41Z","timestamp":1687769381000},"page":"1356-1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effect of dietary factors and time of day on iron absorption from oral iron supplements in iron deficient women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9148-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna K.","family":"von Siebenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael B.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5953-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole U.","family":"Stoffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-35762-3.00036-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"AuerbachM.Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults.2023.https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/treatment-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults#H7. 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