{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:00:16Z","timestamp":1791320416941,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,11]],"date-time":"2006-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5245,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual age\u2010specific incidence rates of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> bacterial septicemia in sickle cell anemia (SS) were determined for the years of 1957 through 1989. Forty\u2010nine patients had 64 episodes of septicemia among a population of 786 SS patients observed for 8,138 person\u2010years. Peak frequency of infection occurred between 1968\u20101971 and 1975\u20101981 with a conspicuous absence of episodes in 1972, 1973, 1982\u20101984, and 1986\u20101987, thus demonstrating cycles of high and low attack rates. The annual age\u2010specific incidence rate of septicemia varied from 64.5 (1965) to 421.1 (1980) per 1,000 person\u2010years for those under 2 years of age and never exceeded 10.2 per 1,000 in those over 4 years of age. Following the introduction of pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine in 1978, incidence of infection decreased in SS children greater than 2 years of age. No modification of the risk of infection was observed in immunized children less than 2 years of age.<\/jats:p><jats:p>During these three decades, there has been a ten\u2010fold increase in the number of SS adults over 20 years of age. The relative risk of chronic sickle complications comparing the survivors of septicemia to the non\u2010infected patients was: subsequent death 1.76, retinopathy 4.06, avascular necrosis 1.95, symptomatic cholelithiasis 1.33, stroke 1.30, and priapsim 1.26. These data suggest that prognosis for lifetime severe SS is initially manifested as an increased risk of septicemia during childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830390305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T13:05:31Z","timestamp":1172063131000},"page":"176-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Polysaccharide encapsulated bacterial infection in sickle cell anemia: A thirty year epidemiologic experience"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Wing Yen","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darleen R.","family":"Powars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Hiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cage","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Overturf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196605052741806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.211.3.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/216382a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197103000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Diplococcus pneumoniae infections in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"123","author":"Seeler RA","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"784","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis and septicemia in sickle cell disease","volume":"131","author":"Overturf GD","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80216-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03310430031017","article-title":"Pneumococcal septicemia in children with sickle cell anemia. Changing trend of survival","volume":"245","author":"Powars D","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606193142501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.3.500","article-title":"the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease: Mortality in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease","volume":"84","author":"Leikin SL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03630268909003397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(82)90010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1977.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/132.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197303082881005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5063.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83330-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009043031003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011153232004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011153232005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011153232006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"923","article-title":"Invasive disease due to multiply resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Houston, Tex, Daycare Center","volume":"144","author":"Rauch AM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6430.1567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"The variable expression of sickle cell disease is genetically determined","volume":"27","author":"Powars D","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1987.tb02267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.3.392","article-title":"the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease: Developmental pattern of splenic dysfunction in sickle cell disorders","volume":"76","author":"Pearson HA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199021000-00009"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajh.2830390305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajh.2830390305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T14:02:19Z","timestamp":1698156139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajh.2830390305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajh.2830390305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.2830390305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-8609","1096-8652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-8609","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]}}}