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We have observed radically unique enzyme and metabolite profiles in normal rhinoceros erythrocytes compared to humans and other mammals, including marked deficiencies of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), catalase, adenosine deaminase, and other enzymes involved in glycolysis, glutathione cycling, and nucleotide metabolism. Minimal concentrations of ATP appear to impair effective acceleration of hexosemono\u2010phosphate shunt activity in response to oxidants by restricting substrate generation at the hexokinase step. Antioxidant defenses are further compromised by catalase deficiency, which may be a general characteristic of rhinoceros erythrocytes, perhaps related to the common occurrence of severe mucocutaneous ulcerative disease. It is proposed that erythrocyte ATP deficiency in rhinoceroses may be an evolutionary adaptation conferring selective advantage against common hemic parasites, comparable to the role of human glucose\u20106\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase (G\u20106\u2010PD) deficiency in falciparum malaria. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830420109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T12:51:28Z","timestamp":1172062288000},"page":"36-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acute episodic hemolysis in the African black rhinoceros as an analogue of human glucose\u20106\u2010phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Donald E.","family":"Paglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Fatal hemolytic anemia in the black rhinoceros: case report and survey","volume":"181","author":"Miller RE","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Acute intravascular hemolytic anemia in the black rhinoceros: Hematologic and immunohematologic observations","volume":"47","author":"Chaplin H","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.05.803","article-title":"A beta chain hemoglobin polymorphism and hemoglobin stability in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)","volume":"51","author":"Fairbanks VF","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"MillerRE:Health concerns and veterinary research in the North American black rhinoceros. 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