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Here, we identified autoantibody targets within the extracellular loops of Band 3 (B3), a major erythrocyte transmembrane protein.\n                    <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    epitope prediction identified six of the seven potentially immunogenic extracellular domains of B3. Patients with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection who were anemic (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200979) and non\u2010anemic (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200995), and 40 healthy donors from a non\u2010endemic area were included as negative controls. In addition, 15 anemic and 15 non\u2010anemic infected individuals were also analyzed immediately before treatment (D0) and on Days 7, 14, and 28 after antimalarial therapy. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the six B3 domains were robustly recognized by autoantibodies from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010infected patients. Anemic individuals exhibited prominent autoantibody responses, particularly against loops 4 and 6. IgG3 was the predominant subclass targeting these loops and remained detectable up to 28\u2009days post\u2010treatment, suggesting a possible role in the persistence of anemia even after parasite clearance. In contrast, IgG1 was the principal subclass recognizing the peptides corresponding to loops 1, 2, and 3, indicating a significant response to senescent domains during\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection. Analysis of IgG subclass against full\u2010length B3 confirmed the presence of both IgG1 and IgG3 responses. The pro\u2010inflammatory properties of these IgG subclasses support the hypothesis that anti\u2010B3 autoantibodies contribute to the immunopathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010related anemia. Collectively, these findings identify potential targets for future mechanistic investigations and therapeutic intervention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.70463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:17:38Z","timestamp":1785385058000},"page":"2592-2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autoantibodies to Extracellular Erythrocyte Band 3 Epitopes\u00a0Are Associated With Anemia in\n                    <i>Plasmodium vivax<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5047-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Marzano\u2010Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais  Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 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