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It enables extended estrogen\u2010induced proliferation and growth of the uterine endometrium prior to progesterone\u2010induced maturation during the luteal phase to accommodate a potential pregnancy with a rapidly invading placenta. Progressive development of both an extended duration of estrogen\u2010induced, preimplantation endometrial proliferation and a rapidly invading placenta across the Primate order may well have been necessary to accommodate differentiation and growth of an increasingly large fetal brain. Prolongation of the follicular phase in primates has also led to the isolation of the final stages of follicle selection (growth deviation of the dominant follicle from its contemporaries) solely within the follicular phase and thus outside the protection of luteal phase progesterone inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Such primate reproductive characteristics put the latter stages of ovarian follicle selection at risk of exposure to excessive pituitary secretion of LH. Excessive secretion of LH during follicle selection could result not only in impaired follicle development, excessive ovarian androgen secretion, and ovulation failure, but also in excessive estrogenic stimulation of the uterine endometrium without intervening menstrual periods. Such reproductive abnormalities are all found in a single, prevalent infertility syndrome afflicting women in their reproductive years: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We propose that successful female reproductive adaptations to accommodate the growth demands of large\u2010brained primate fetuses have facilitated a particular vulnerability of higher primates to hypergonadotropic disruption of ovulatory function, as found in PCOS. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:296\u2013319, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T12:45:55Z","timestamp":1050410755000},"page":"296-319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Reproductive adaptations to a large\u2010brained fetus open a vulnerability to anovulation similar to polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Deborah K.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David 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