{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:57:43Z","timestamp":1791651463129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,31]],"date-time":"2001-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Menopause marks the end of menstruation, once generally accepted as the closure of women's reproductive lives. The current medical view of menopause, however, is as a pathological event with its own distinct set of symptoms and diseases. Researchers have described women as facing a dramatic increase in the risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke, and Alzheimer's, all as the result of the impact of changing hormone levels, particularly the decline in estrogen. The clinical literature has interpreted these findings in terms of the absolute necessity of replacing these lost hormones for all women who are menopausal regardless of any other physiological, social, or cultural characteristic they might possess. Using research done in Japan, Canada, and the United States, this paper challenges the notion of a universal menopause by showing that both the symptoms reported at menopause and the post\u2010menopause disease profiles vary from one study population to the next. For most of the symptoms commonly associated with menopause in the medical literature, rates are much lower for Japanese women than for women in the United States and Canada, although they are comparable to rates reported from studies in Thailand and China. Mortality and morbidity data from these same societies are used to show that post\u2010menopausal women are also not equally at risk for heart disease, breast cancer, or osteoporosis. Rather than universality, the paper suggests that it is important to think in terms of \u201clocal biologies\u201d, which reflect the very different social and physical conditions of women's lives from one society to another. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:494\u2013504, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T16:35:44Z","timestamp":1030293344000},"page":"494-504","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Menopause, local biologies, and cultures of aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Lock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kaufert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91174-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(05)80268-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(91)90286-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"A clinical history of the medical and surgical diseases of women","author":"Barnes R","year":"1873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(94)90068-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(93)90124-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"The menopause","author":"Currier AF","year":"1897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","series-title":"The psychology of women","author":"Deutsch H","year":"1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"The breakdown of motherhood is wrecking our children","volume":"6","author":"Eto J","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn Echo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency as cause of facial flushing reaction to alcohol in Japanese","volume":"19","author":"Goldman D","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","series-title":"College of Physicians in London, Medical transitions","first-page":"317","author":"Halford H","year":"1813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Women at home","volume":"12","author":"Higuchi K","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn Echo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"International Health Foundation.1977. 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