{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:19:06Z","timestamp":1791235146165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,25]],"date-time":"2005-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1135468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The process of urbanization occurring in many developing countries may have consequences for reproductive endocrine function. Here, we test predictions concerning variation in South African male testosterone levels among subgroups across an urbanization gradient representing differences in both geography and socioeconomic status. Subjects included 364 males aged between 20 and 82 comprising a cross\u2010sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998. Testosterone levels were measured from serum samples obtained between 08:00 and 11:00. In ANCOVA analysis, male testosterone levels differed significantly along this rural\u2010to\u2010urban gradient, with members of the most urban group having higher testosterone levels than groups of farmers and inhabitants of informal housing areas adjacent to towns. Testosterone levels declined with age and were negatively related to body mass index (BMI). Testosterone levels did not differ according to HIV status. Further exploratory ANCOVA analyses revealed that physical activity levels, depression, affect, and hostility were not significantly associated with variation in testosterone levels. These data help document causes of variation in male testosterone levels in a context of urbanization and may have implications for clinical outcomes such as the development of a male hormonal contraceptive or prostate cancer. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:123\u2013132, 2006. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,25]],"date-time":"2005-12-25T20:48:13Z","timestamp":1135543693000},"page":"123-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Predictors of South African male testosterone levels: the THUSA study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"P.B.","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.W.","family":"Huisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.P.","family":"Wissing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.H.","family":"Vorster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015238102830"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00205-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.11.2869"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.2.5495"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310050614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Endocrine function in the HIV wasting syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Coodley GO","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO\u2010PI\u2010R) and NEO five\u2010factor inventory (FEO\u2010FFI): professional manual","author":"Costa PT","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Heroes, rogues and lovers: testosterone and behavior","author":"Dabbs JM","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Role of testosterone in maintaining lean body mass and bone density in HIV\u2010infected patients","volume":"4","author":"Dobs A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.12.3251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Serum androgen concentrations in young men: a longitudinal analysis of associations with age, obesity and race. The CARDIA male hormone study","volume":"11","author":"Gapstur SM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90028-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12713-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001493"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538308255070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199701001-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"A standardised physical activity questionnaire for a population in transition: The THUSA Study","volume":"6","author":"Kruger HS","year":"2000","journal-title":"Afr J Phys Ed Dance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(01)00392-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN200040","article-title":"A culture\u2010sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: development and reproducibility","volume":"4","author":"MacIntyre UE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN200041","article-title":"A culture\u2010sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: relative validation by 7\u2010day weighed records and biomarkers","volume":"4","author":"MacIntyre UE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35073639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"1778","article-title":"Does the racial\u2013ethnic variation in prostate cancer risk have a hormonal basis?","volume":"75","author":"Ross RK","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Conf Prostate Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.5.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effects of the Zimbabwean Defense Forces training programme on body composition and reproductive hormones in male army recruits","volume":"46","author":"Sewani\u2010Rusike CR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Centr Afr J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.4.847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Testosterone, body composition and aging","volume":"22","author":"Vermeulen A","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"505","article-title":"The impact of urbanization on physical, physiological and mental health of Africans in the North West Province of South Africa: The THUSA Study","volume":"96","author":"Vorster HH","year":"2000","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.8.2839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.26714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1440183"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.20471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T19:51:15Z","timestamp":1700077875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.20471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.20471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.20471","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,25]]}}}