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In this paper, we present new data for sex differences in dental caries rates among the Guanches (Tenerife, Canary Islands), summarize results of meta\u2010analyses of dental caries prevalence, and emphasize new research that stresses the critical role of female hormones and life\u2010history events in the etiology of dental caries. Among the Guanches, corrected tooth\u2010count caries rates for females (8.8%, 158\/1,790) are approximately twice the frequency of caries among males (4.5%, 68\/1,498). Higher caries prevalence among females is often explained by one of three factors: 1) earlier eruption of teeth in girls, hence longer exposure of girls' teeth to the cariogenic oral environment, 2) easier access to food supplies by women and frequent snacking during food preparation, and 3) pregnancy. Anthropologists tend to favor explanations involving behavior, including sexual division of labor and women's domestic role in food production. By contrast, the causal pathways through which pregnancy contributes to poorer oral health and higher caries rates are deemphasized or discounted. This paper presents recent research on physiological changes associated with fluctuating hormone levels during individual life histories, and the impact these changes have on the oral health of women. The biochemical composition of saliva and overall saliva flow rate are modified in several important ways by hormonal fluctuations during events such as puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, making the oral environment significantly more cariogenic for women than for men. These results suggest that hormonal fluctuations can have a dramatic effect on the oral health of women, and constitute an important causal factor in explaining sex differences in caries rates. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:540\u2013555, 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,20]],"date-time":"2006-06-20T13:42:01Z","timestamp":1150810921000},"page":"540-555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":412,"title":["Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: Saliva, hormones, and \u201clife\u2010history\u201d etiologies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Lukacs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah L.","family":"Largaespada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-39-1-63"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual for the human skeleton","author":"Bass WM","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Sex differences in dental disease in Polynesian peoples","volume":"62","author":"Beck DJ","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Z Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"A simple method for public health dental surveys in developing countries","volume":"160","author":"Beck DJ","year":"1964","journal-title":"N Z Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000147006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Reproductive ecology and human evolution","author":"Bentley GR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.280108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Bermudez de CastroJM.1985.La denticion de los pobladores prehistoricos de las Islas Canarias: estudio anthropologico. 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