{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T05:22:14Z","timestamp":1737091334478,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth weight and gestational age are both important predictors of infant survival. Covariate Density Defined mixture of logistic regressions (CDDmlr), a method that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity, has been applied to birth outcomes using birth weight alone. This paper investigates a CDDmlr model of birth outcomes that includes birth weight and gestational age. Applications to four birth cohorts, composed of all non\u2010Hispanic singleton African\/European American female\/male live births in New York State from 1985\u20131988, are presented. Multiple birth weight by gestational age optimal (minimal) mortalities are observed in the birth weight by gestational age\u2010specific mortality surface. Multiple optima have not been mentioned in the published literature, but they do appear in some published plots of birth weight by gestational age mortality. It is possible that misreporting of gestational age contributes to this phenomenon, but it cannot completely explain the locations of the local optima. The global optimum is associated with a \u201cnormal\u201d fetal development subpopulation, while the local optima are due to a subpopulation that accounts for most low birth weight, intrauterine growth retarded, pre\u2010term, post\u2010term, and small for gestational age births, as well as, births with misestimated gestational ages. These two subpopulations have significantly different birth weight by gestational age\u2010specific mortality surfaces. Consequently, the presence of multiple optima can be attributed to heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Comparisons of CDDmlr based on birth weight by gestational age and birth weight alone might statistically identify births with \u201cerroneous\u201d gestational age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:475\u2013486, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T15:52:09Z","timestamp":1180713129000},"page":"475-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multiple mortality optima due to heterogeneity in the birth cohort: A continuous model of birth weight by gestational age\u2010specific infant mortality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fu","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Discordance between LMP\u2010based and clinically estimated gestational age: implications for research, programs and policy","volume":"110","author":"Alexander GR","year":"1995","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198523963.001.0001","volume-title":"Applied smoothing techniques for data analysis: the kernel approach with S\u2010Plus illustrations","author":"Bowman AW","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1991.tb00725.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Racial variation in spontaneous fetal deaths at 20 weeks or older in upstate New York, 1980\u20131986","volume":"110","author":"Buck GM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Neonatology","author":"Cassady G","year":"1987"},{"volume-title":"Fetal growth retardation: diagnosis and treatment","year":"1989","author":"Chamberlain","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.9.964"},{"volume-title":"Bootstrap methods and their application","year":"1998","author":"Davison AC","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1983.tb08913.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061781"},{"volume-title":"Prevention of prenatal mortality and morbility","year":"1984","author":"Fryer JG","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(200003\/04)12:2<181::AID-AJHB3>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2002.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460310001592678"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"GageTB BauerMJ FangF StrattonH.2004a.Mixed logistic regressions with covariate density defined components: applications to birth outcomes. 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