{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:06:13Z","timestamp":1765609573086,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research (HS&DR) programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellchild"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Markers of prenatal hormone exposure have been associated with the development of eating disorder (ED) behaviors. Our aim was to determine whether 2D:4D ratio, a marker for in utero testosterone exposure, is associated with risk for ED in a large population\u2010based cohort: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>: This is the first study to investigate prenatal testosterone exposure in children at high\u2010risk for ED, using 2D:4D as a marker. We compared children whose mothers reported a lifetime ED (anorexia, bulimia, or both; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 446) to children whose mothers did not (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5,367). <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: Daughters of women with lifetime bulimia nervosa (BN) had lower 2D:4D ratio (B: \u22120.01, 95% CI: \u22120.02 to \u22120.002, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), indicating higher prenatal testosterone exposure, than daughters of mothers unaffected by ED. No differences were observed in the male children of women with an ED. <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>: Findings suggest that children at high\u2010risk for BN may be exposed to higher levels of testosterone in utero. Fetal exposure to androgen excess is thought to be causal in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder which is highly comorbid with binge eating and BN. Future research should investigate the potential role of testosterone exposure in utero as a risk factor for BN and binge eating. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:176\u2013182, 2014. \u00a9 2013 The Authors. American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T05:34:54Z","timestamp":1386653694000},"page":"176-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["2D:4D Ratio in children at familial high\u2010risk for eating disorders: The role of prenatal testosterone exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Radha","family":"Kothari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit UCL Institute of Child Health London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Gafton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Treasure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Medicine KCL Institute of Psychiatry London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Micali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit UCL Institute of Child Health London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eog.12.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-24","article-title":"Do girls with anorexia nervosa have elevated autistic traits?","volume":"4","author":"Baron\u2010Cohen S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Heritability, genetics and association findings in anorexia nervosa","volume":"39","author":"Ben\u2010Dor DH","year":"2002","journal-title":"Israel J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.3181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000026673"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90208.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(83)90196-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0960709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9272-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(88)90004-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Eating disorders in children and adolescents","author":"Lear S","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4389-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(93)90213-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(02)00181-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-3121-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170999122X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.020768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.64.2.93.18621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(05)80258-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.2.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.10.2.133","article-title":"Gender differences in eating behavior and body weight regulation","volume":"10","author":"Rolls BJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20736"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A critical review of the research on the extreme male brain theory and digit ratio (2D: 4D)","author":"Teatero ML","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2012.674554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(72)90340-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmhg.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(03)00012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.6.976"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajhb.22495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.22495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T16:08:20Z","timestamp":1696608500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.22495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.22495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.22495","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1042-0533"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1520-6300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]]}}}