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This evidence is derived primarily from the study of Western samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Digit ratios, self\u2010reported aggression, and dominance behavior were collected from men and women in two traditional, small\u2010scale societies, i.e., the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found significant differences in physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility between the two societies with the Datoga reporting higher scores on all four measures. Moreover, self\u2010reported dominance in the Datoga was higher than in the Hadza. The Datoga showed lower left and right hand 2D:4D ratios than the Hadza. Men reported higher physical and verbal aggression and dominance, and had lower 2D:4D ratios than women. A significant negative association between 2D:4D and dominance was found in Hadza women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discuss our findings with reference to differences in mating systems between the two small\u2010scale societies and previous findings of Western and other small\u2010scale societies. Am. J. Hum. 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