{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:31:33Z","timestamp":1762079493247},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conduct a revaluation of the Thornhill and Fincher research project on parasites using finely\u2010resolved geographic data on parasite prevalence, individual\u2010level sociocultural data, and multilevel Bayesian modeling. In contrast to the evolutionary psychological mechanisms linking parasites to human behavior and cultural characteristics proposed by Thornhill and Fincher, we offer an alternative hypothesis that structural racism and differential access to sanitation systems drive both variation in parasite prevalence and differential behaviors and cultural characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We adopt a Bayesian framework to estimate parasite prevalence rates in 51 districts in eight Latin American countries using the disease status of 170,220 individuals tested for infection with the intestinal roundworm <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> (H\u00fcrlimann et al., [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ajhb22757-bib-0031\" \/>]: PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e1404). We then use district\u2010level estimates of parasite prevalence and individual\u2010level social data from 5,558 individuals in the same 51 districts (Latinobar\u00f3metro, 2008) to assess claims of causal associations between parasite prevalence and sociocultural characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We find, contrary to Thornhill and Fincher, that parasite prevalence is positively associated with preferences for democracy, negatively associated with preferences for collectivism, and not associated with violent crime rates or gender inequality. A positive association between parasite prevalence and religiosity, as in Fincher and Thornhill (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ajhb22757-bib-0020\" \/>: Behav Brain Sci 35:61\u201379), and a negative association between parasite prevalence and achieved education, as predicted by Eppig et al. (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ajhb22757-bib-0017\" \/>: Proc R S B: Biol Sci 277:3801\u20133808), become negative and unreliable when reasonable controls are included in the model. We find support for all predictions derived from our hypothesis linking structural racism to both parasite prevalence and cultural outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that best practices in biocultural modeling require examining more than one hypothesis, retaining individual\u2010level data and its associated variance whenever possible, and adopting multilevel techniques suited to the structuring of the data. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:74\u201389, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T06:26:52Z","timestamp":1437028012000},"page":"74-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A hierarchical bayesian analysis of parasite prevalence and sociocultural outcomes: The role of structural racism and sanitation infrastructure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Cody T.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California Davis 95616, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Winterhalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California Davis 95616, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500452458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1800.2000.00074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Institutional racism: A primer on theory and strategies for social change","author":"Better S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70144-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3879S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/202138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2011.00756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.2008.00440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2008.16684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"4027","article-title":"Ecological inference and the ecological fallacy","volume":"6","author":"Freedman DA.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Encyclopedia Social Behav Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"GelmanA.2013. 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