{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:18:37Z","timestamp":1790615917378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,8]],"date-time":"2015-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["25251042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25251042"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research","award":["26840155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26840155"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Geographic variation in human nasal form has often been interpreted as a climatic adaptation, owing to the nasal air\u2010conditioning function. The aim of this study was to further address morphofunctional issues of the nasal cavity, using three human groups from subarctic, temperate, and subtropical regions of the Japanese Archipelago: prehistoric Okhotsk, early\u2010modern Honshu and Okinawa groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using three\u2010dimensional coordinates of craniometric landmarks surrounding the nasal cavity, we compared linear measurements regarding nasal cavity form among the three groups and also conducted 3D geometric morphometrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both linear measurements and morphometric analyses corroborate the previously reported covariation pattern of nasal cavity shape with climate, where humans from a cold\/dry climate tend to possess a relatively tall, narrow, and deep nasal cavity compared with those from a warm\/humid environment. The northern Okhotsk group had overall larger cranial airways, which may be attributable to their large facial skeleton. However, the ratio of nasal\/bimaxillary breadth was significantly lower in the Okhotsk group, indicating that maxillary size does not necessarily constrain the nasal breadth. In addition, despite the presence of obvious geographic clines in anterior nasal shape, posterior choanal shape lacked the north\u2010south geographic cline. This suggests a certain level of morphofunctional independence between the anterior and posterior nasal openings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observed geographic variations must, however, be partly considered as a reflection of different ancestral traits and population histories of the three groups. Nevertheless, the results indicate that intergroup variations in nasal cavity morphology can be largely explained by climatic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:343\u2013351, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,8]],"date-time":"2015-09-08T07:51:53Z","timestamp":1441698713000},"page":"343-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese Archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Fukase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University   Hokkaido 060\u20108638 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of the Ryukyus   Okinawa 903\u20100215 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