{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:57:26Z","timestamp":1760029046071,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated whether long\u2010term changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) predict the risk of incident hypertension, independent of risk factors, in initially normotensive men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective study from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study included 431 male participants without hypertension who underwent symptom\u2010limited maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline and during a second examination, 11\u2010years later, who were re\u2010evaluated for hypertension at 20\u2010year follow\u2010up. Changes in CRF (%) were calculated as the difference in directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>) between the baseline and second examination, and classified into decreasing tertiles as percentages. Hypertension was defined as systolic and\/or diastolic blood pressure \u2265140\/90 mmHg or hypertension that required antihypertensive medication as diagnosed by a physician.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a 10\u2010year follow\u2010up after the second examination, 165 men (38%) developed hypertension. Men who demonstrated the largest decline in CRF between evaluations (\u221262.1% to \u221220.2%) had a 4.33\u2010fold (95% CI 2.32\u20138.07, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) risk of incident hypertension compared to men with the smallest decrease or improvement in CRF (\u22128.8% to 82.0%), after adjusting for age, follow\u2010up duration, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, serum low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, daily energy expenditure (kcal) via physical activity, glomerular filtration rate, and baseline systolic blood pressure and <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present findings indicate that more marked decreases in measured CRF over time are independently associated with the risk of incident hypertension in men, suggesting that CRF should be considered a causal risk factor to predict future hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T06:52:40Z","timestamp":1476773560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness predict incident hypertension: A population\u2010based long\u2010term study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sae Young","family":"Jae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science University of Seoul Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Kurl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry A.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari A.","family":"Laukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350040017014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.23.3092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0386-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.06.1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001268"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786810382057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.06.1184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.191676"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajhb.22932","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajhb.22932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.22932","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajhb.22932","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.22932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T09:05:34Z","timestamp":1693731934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.22932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.22932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.22932","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1042-0533"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1520-6300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"article-number":"e22932"}}