{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:26:45Z","timestamp":1761744405752,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research B","award":["21370108","22370087","24370099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21370108","22370087","24370099"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research A","award":["15H02421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H02421"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Fellowship","award":["15J10824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15J10824"]}]},{"name":"University of the Ryukyus Strategic Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cline of frequencies of the derived allele of the <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> gene, which causes a deficiency of an enzyme and \u201cfacial flushing\u201d in humans who drink alcohol, has been known among the people of the Japanese archipelago. This cline is conventionally explained by admixture with immigrants from the Asian continent occurring during the Yayoi period. Previous studies lack sufficient data from the peripheral regions of the indigenous Jomon people, and those data the <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> gene that is involved in the Class I <jats:italic>ADH<\/jats:italic> gene cluster and contains another variant leading to a functional change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We focused on the southwestern\u2010most people from the Ryukyu Islands (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009218) and those from northern Kyushu (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921) where the Yayoi immigrants likely arrived. We investigated both the Class I <jats:italic>ADH<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> loci, as well as neutral genetic markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Ryukyu Islands, the frequencies of the ancestral alleles in both loci were always higher than those in mainland Japan, while the frequencies of <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> were less than those of the derived allele. A haplotype block was not observed in <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> but was in Class I <jats:italic>ADH<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that the derived allele of <jats:italic>ALDH2<\/jats:italic> came with the Yayoi immigrants from the Asian continent to the Japanese archipelago. However, the derived allele of <jats:italic>ADH1B<\/jats:italic> is unlikely to be related to the Yayoi migration. Therefore, we postulate that the expansion of the derived allele of <jats:italic>ADHIB<\/jats:italic> in East Asia could be traced back to the last glacial period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T12:03:34Z","timestamp":1478001814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The allele frequency of <i>ALDH2*Glu504Lys<\/i> and <i>ADH1B*Arg47His<\/i> for the Ryukyu islanders and their history of expansion among East Asians"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kae","family":"Koganebuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanagawa 252\u20100373 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277\u20108562 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Haneji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haneji Oral Surgery Clinic, Medical Corporation Hayamakai Okinawa 906\u20100015 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Okinawa 903\u20100215 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Adventist Medical Center Okinawa 903\u20100201 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Okinawa 903\u20100215 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Joh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga 849\u20108501 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidenobu","family":"Soejima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga 849\u20108501 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga 849\u20108501 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Okinawa 903\u20100215 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanagawa 252\u20100373 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252\u20100374 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsunehiko","family":"Hanihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanagawa 252\u20100373 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252\u20100374 Japan"},{"name":"The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113\u20100033 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ex\u2010Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20108575 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277\u20108562 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Oota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanagawa 252\u20100373 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277\u20108562 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252\u20100374 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/290457a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Asato S.2003.Prehistory and proto\u2010history in the Ryukyu island chain. 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