{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:45:06Z","timestamp":1790721906029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010altitude (&gt;2500 m) populations face several pressures, including hypoxia and cold\u2010dry air, resulting in greater respiratory demand to obtain more oxygen and condition inspired air. While cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptations to high\u2010altitude hypoxia have been extensively studied, adaptations of upper\u2010respiratory structures, e.g., nasal cavity, remain untested. This study investigates whether nasal morphology presents adaptations to hypoxic (larger noses) and\/or cold\u2010dry (tall\/narrow noses) conditions among high\u2010altitude samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CT scans of two high\u2010 and four low\u2010altitude samples from diverse climates were collected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009130): high\u2010altitude Tibetans and Peruvians; low\u2010altitude Peruvians, Southern Chinese (temperate), Mongolian\u2010Buriats (cold\u2010dry), and Southeast Asians (hot\u2010wet). Facial and nasal distances were calculated from 3D landmarks placed on digitally\u2010modeled crania. Temperature, precipitation, and barometric pressure data were also obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Principal components analysis and analyses of variance primarily indicate size\u2010related differences among the cold\u2010dry (Mongolian\u2010Buriats) and hot\u2010wet (Southeast Asians) adapted groups. Two\u2010block partial least squares (PLS) analysis show weak relationships between size\u2010standardized nasal dimensions and environmental variables. However, among PLS1 (85.90% of covariance), Tibetans display relatively larger nasal cavities related to lower temperatures and barometric pressure; regression analyses also indicate high\u2010altitude Tibetans possess relatively larger internal nasal breadths and heights for their facial size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, nasal differences relate to climate among the cold\u2010dry and hot\u2010wet groups. Specific nasal adaptations were not identified among either Peruvian group, perhaps due to their relatively recent migration history and population structure. However, high\u2010altitude Tibetans seem to exhibit a compromise in nasal morphology, serving in increased oxygen uptake, and air\u2010conditioning processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T12:09:49Z","timestamp":1517400589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Nasal variation in relation to high\u2010altitude adaptations among Tibetans and Andeans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Butaric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Des Moines University Des Moines Iowa 50312"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross P.","family":"Klocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Des Moines University Des Moines Iowa 50312"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/003655402_000028053","article-title":"The paranasal sinuses as reservoirs for nitric oxide","volume":"122","author":"Andersson J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"The biology of high\u2010altitude peoples","author":"Baker P. 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