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Limited energy availability and competing energetic demands between life\u2010history decisions may result in organismal trade\u2010offs leading to selection for \u201coptimal\u201d traits that facilitate fitness and survival in present environmental conditions. Few life\u2010history analyses have been conducted in food abundant\/high resource human populations. Here, we use a life\u2010history theory framework integrated with a biocultural approach to assess whether trade\u2010offs between growth (height) and the onset of reproductive maturation (ages at menarche) were observed in a sample of adult women living in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult women (18\u2009years and older) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2006 were analyzed using complex survey regression to evaluate associations between ages at menarche, height, and biological, socio\u2010economic, demographic, and anthropometric variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Associations between stature, ages at menarche, and socio\u2010economic status (household income and education level) suggest life\u2010history trade\u2010offs in this populations may be mitigated by access to resources and marginalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These study results have applied public health implications. We demonstrate that females who experience early menarche in the US population achieve short stature. Our study also demonstrates the need for implementing life\u2010history analyses in Western affluent populations, where marginalization may result in life\u2010history trade\u2010offs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T09:30:27Z","timestamp":1562146227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early maturity, shortened stature, and hardship: Can life\u2010history trade\u2010offs indicate social stratification and income inequality in the United States?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Rivara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases School of Public Health, Yale University  New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Madrigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of South Florida  Tampa Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200302000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00948.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2012.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0893-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.166082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2014.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0339"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468500008031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19910051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2011.00810.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2008.00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.6.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantti M. 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