{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:48:38Z","timestamp":1792648118604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluates the correlations amongst mandibular torus, palatine torus, oral exostoses to dental wear\/loss and temporomandibular damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consists of 504 skulls from the Hamann\u2010Todd Osteological Collection; 223 African American and 281 European Americans aged between 30 and 80\u2009years. The sample was analyzed using Pearson's Chi\u2010square for significance of sex, age, ancestry, and wear as well as the interactions between the demographic variables and the presence of mandibular torus, palatine torus and oral exostoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wear was statistically significant by age and sex but not ancestry. The maxillary exostoses varied significantly by age, ancestry and wear but not sex. Mandibular torus frequencies varied significantly by wear, sex and ancestry. The palatine torus varied significantly across wear groups, sex and ancestry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiology of nonmetric oral cavity characteristics, mandibular torus, palatine torus and oral exostosis, is complex. The degree to which traits' presence and expression is the result of genetic and environmental interactions is not fully understood. More than age, sex or ancestry, the degree of dental wear and tooth loss influences the presence and expression of the oral cavity traits. The sample can be characterized as the presence of exostoses in higher frequencies in young African American males with little tooth loss. Males of both ancestral groups with heavy wear have higher frequencies of mandibular tori than females. The palatine torus is more common in edentulous European American females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T05:26:04Z","timestamp":1592198764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Correlations between dental wear and oral cavity characteristics: Mandibular torus, palatine torus, and oral exostoses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loren R.","family":"Lease","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Gerontology Youngstown State University  Youngstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"286.e1","article-title":"Do century\u2010specific equations provide better estimates of stature? 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