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We investigate anemia prevalence among Indigenous Shuar of Ecuador to expand our understanding of population\u2010level variation, and to test hypotheses about how anemia variation is related to age, sex, and market integration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hemoglobin levels were measured in a total sample of 1650 Shuar participants (ages 6\u00a0months to 86\u2009years) from 46 communities between 2008 and 2017 to compare anemia prevalence across regions characterized by different levels of market integration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shuar anemia rates among children under 15\u2009years (12.2%), adult women (10.5%), and adult men (5.3%) were less than half of those previously documented in other neo\u2010tropical Indigenous populations. Anemia prevalence did not vary between more traditional and market integrated communities (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.47,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.52). However, anemia was negatively associated with body mass index (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.47,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to other South American Indigenous populations, anemia prevalence is relatively low among Shuar of Ecuador and invariant with market integration. Understanding this pattern can provide valuable insights into anemia prevention among at\u2010risk populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T05:19:45Z","timestamp":1616390385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Low prevalence of anemia among Shuar communities of Amazonian Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia M.","family":"DeLouize","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Queens College (CUNY), Flushing New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Urlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara J.","family":"Cepon\u2010Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado\u2010Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa E.","family":"Gildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington State University Pullman WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorsa","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Bribiescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Josh","family":"Snodgrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Health University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1279-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.22888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2006852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20838"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal helminths, anemia, and malnutrition in Paucartambo, Peru","volume":"37","author":"Cabada M. 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