{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:56:10Z","timestamp":1762642570640,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the major sources of vitamin D [25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)] and evaluate their collective role on rates of vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency among older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional analysis of the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and sources of vitamin D (self\u2010reported and objectively validated sun exposure, supplementation, food including fortified sources). Study subjects were part of the Hawaii Longitudinal Study of Personality and Health who completed a clinic visit between 55 and 65\u2009years (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a059.6) and food frequency questionnaire, and provided serum to assay 25(OH)D (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0223).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although mean serum 25(OH)D levels were overall sufficient (34.3\u00a0ng\/ml, [SD\u00a0=\u00a010.9]), over one\u2010third of participants (38%) had vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency (<jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>30\u2009ng\/ml). Asians were the most likely to be insufficient and Filipinos were the least likely (43% vs. 11%, respectively). Overall, supplement use and sun exposure were both associated with higher 25(OH)D levels and lower risk of vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency. Moreover, Vitamin D sources varied by race\/ethnic groups. In multivariate models, higher body mass index, being Asian or Native Hawaiian\/Pacific Islander, low supplement use, and low sun exposure were associated with higher risk for vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency (&lt;30\u2009ng\/ml).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 1\/3 of the older adult sample was vitamin D deficient\/insufficient, despite most of the participants living in a tropical climate with year\u2010round access to sun as a vitamin D source. Sun exposure and supplement use, but not food intake, explained differences in vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T11:01:34Z","timestamp":1625223694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Hawaii: Levels and sources of serum vitamin D in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caryn E","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Health Care Research Kaiser Permanente Hawaii  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa A.","family":"Hillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Health Care Research Kaiser Permanente Hawaii  Honolulu Hawaii USA"},{"name":"Center for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Northwest  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Research Institute  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Missy","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Research Institute  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Washington University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Research Institute  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2006.00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330240506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017).About Adult BMI.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/bmi\/adult_bmi\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Edmonds G. Hampson S. Goldbweg L. Digman J. Dubanoski J. &Oshiro C.(2017).The Hawaii personality and health cohort 1959\u20131967: Childhood personality data."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.126284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.115253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.317"},{"volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows (version 24.0)","year":"2016","author":"IBM Corp","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2007.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.04510010104011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12974\/2309-6128.2014.02.02.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.95506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0620-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"University of Hawaii Cancer Center. (2019).Nutrition support.https:\/\/www.uhcancercenter.org\/research\/shared-resources\/nutrition-support"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force. (2016).Final recommendation statement: Vitamin D deficiency: screening.https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Document\/RecommendationStatementFinal\/vitamin-d-deficiency-screening"},{"volume-title":"Nutritional epidemiology","year":"2013","author":"Willett W. C.","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0324-2"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.23636","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajhb.23636","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.23636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T04:14:07Z","timestamp":1693109647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.23636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.23636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.23636","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1042-0533"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1520-6300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e23636"}}