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Instruments that deliver immediate results from minimally invasive samples at the location of collection can provide powerful tools to deliver health data in clinical and public health contexts. Yet, POCT availability is driven largely by market interests, which limits the development of inexpensive tests for diverse health conditions that can be used in resource\u2010limited settings. These constraints, combined with complex regulatory hurdles and substantial ethical challenges, have contributed to the underutilization of POCT in human biology research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluate current POCT capabilities and limitations, discuss promising applications for POCT devices in resource\u2010limited settings, and discuss the future of POCT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>As evidenced by publication trends, POCT platforms have rapidly advanced in recent years, gaining traction among clinicians and health researchers. We highlight POCT devices of potential interest to population\u2010based researchers and present specific examples of POCT applications in human biology research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several barriers can limit POCT applications, including cost, lack of regulatory approval for non\u2010clinical use, requirements for expensive equipment, and the dearth of validation in remote field conditions. Despite these issues, we see immense potential for emerging POCT technology capable of analyzing new sample types and used in conjunction with increasingly common technology (e.g., smart phones). We argue that the fallout from Theranos may ultimately provide an opportunity to advance POCT, leading to more ethical data collection and novel opportunities in human biology research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T12:39:06Z","timestamp":1634819946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["After Theranos: Using point\u2010of\u2010care testing to advance measures of health biomarkers in human biology research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa E.","family":"Gildner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geeta N.","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaina L.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Queens College (CUNY)  Flushing New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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