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Although sexual orientation is a known correlate of health and developmental inequities, relatively little evolutionarily framed research has investigated sexual orientation\u2010based variation in maturational timing. To improve our understanding of menarcheal timing among sexual minority (SM) people, we use a biocultural\u2010evolutionary life history lens that takes into account the stresses of minoritization to examine the relationship between sexual orientation and self\u2010reported age at menarche in a sample of American adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a large, nationally representative dataset (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09757), we fit multiple logistic regression models and survival curves to evaluate associations between sexual orientation, indicators of somatic and material resources during adolescence (e.g., education, citizenship, upper arm length), and self\u2010reported menarche.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SM respondents were more likely to report earlier (by 4\u20135\u00a0months) ages of menarche (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Post\u2010hoc tests revealed that these differences were driven by bisexual (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and same\u2010sex experienced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) relative to heterosexual and lesbian\/gay respondents. Earlier menarcheal timing among SM respondents persisted after adjusting for socio\u2010demographic factors and proxies of developmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings reveal that SM status is associated with earlier ages of menarche, an important social and reproductive milestone. We argue that uniting life history theory with the minority stress hypothesis better explains differences in menarcheal timing by sexual orientation than previous paradigms. Investigators should attend to sexual orientation\u2010based variation in maturational timing using holistic, inclusive approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T14:22:48Z","timestamp":1666880568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sexual minority status is associated with earlier recalled age of menarche: Evidence from the 2005\u20132016<scp>N<\/scp>ational<scp>H<\/scp>ealth and<scp>N<\/scp>utrition<scp>E<\/scp>xamination<scp>S<\/scp>urvey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James K.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Society University of Toronto Scarborough Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Spake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Religion Programme, and Centre for Research on Evolution, Belief, and Behaviour University of Otago Dunedin Otago New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Binghamton University Binghamton USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leela","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric C.","family":"Shattuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio USA"},{"name":"Institute for Health Disparities Research University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luseadra","family":"McKerracher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus Institute for Advanced Studies Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.4.642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-0055-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"989","volume-title":"Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology","author":"Boepple P. 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