{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:20:29Z","timestamp":1790011229313,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The contributions of latitude and ethnicity in the determination of cross\u2010society differences in digit ratios are unclear. In India, different castes (endogamous groups) have been living in the same areas (villages or towns) for the last 1500\u2009years and, therefore, these groups may have different gene pools without a latitude\u2010related difference component. Thus, in the present study, we studied the effect of caste on digit ratios. We also studied the effects of sex, birth season, and family income on digit ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected a sample of 301 college students (age: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a019.9\u2009years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02.63) in Muzaffarnagar city of western Uttar Pradesh, India, and asked participants for information regarding their birth month, religion, caste, and monthly family income. We measured participants' dorsal and palmar digit lengths (of all fingers, except the thumb, in both hands) using vernier calipers of 0.01\u2009mm accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Other backward castes (intermediate castes) had longer digit lengths than general castes (upper castes), scheduled castes (lower castes), and Muslims. However, there was no difference in digit ratios of caste groups (scheduled castes vs. other backward castes vs. general castes vs. Muslims) or specific castes (<jats:italic>Chamar<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>Jatav<\/jats:italic> vs. <jats:italic>Jat<\/jats:italic> vs. <jats:italic>Pandit<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>Tyagi<\/jats:italic>). Winter\u2010born women had lower left dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios than summer\u2010born women. Family income was related to higher dorsal 2D:4D and 3D:4D ratios among women. Moreover, in dorsal digit ratios, sex difference (men &lt; women) occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 5, whereas, in palmar digit ratios, sex difference occurred in digit ratios constituting digit 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study suggests that endogamy\u2010led genetic difference in ethnic\/caste groups is not a determinant, whereas birth season (i.e., the exposure to sunlight) and family income might be determinants of digit ratios. In addition, compared to palmar digit ratios, dorsal digit ratios are better markers of sexual dimorphism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T12:27:31Z","timestamp":1671193651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of caste, birth season, and family income on digit ratios"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7793-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology D.A.V. College  Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Voracek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njbcs.njbcs_13_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.gr-1733rr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513197113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030144600282271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87394-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2801867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02443990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910606116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89590-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23369"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Second to fourth digit ratio in Nigerian Igbos and Yorubas","volume":"4","author":"Gabriel S. 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