{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:26:58Z","timestamp":1786976818169,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2041600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2041600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011084","name":"Sigma Xia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Introduction: Social interactions shape the infant microbiome by providing opportunities for caregivers to spread bacteria through physical contact. With most research focused on the impact of maternal\u2013infant contact on the infant gut microbiome, it is unclear how alloparents (i.e., caregivers other than the parents) influence the bacterial communities of infant body sites that are frequently contacted during bouts of caregiving, including the skin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: To begin to understand how allocare may influence the diversity of the infant microbiome, detailed questionnaire data on infant\u2013alloparent relationships and specific allocare behaviors were coupled with skin and fecal microbiome samples (four body sites) from 48 infants living in Chicago, United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Results: Data from 16S\n                    <jats:italic>rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene amplicon sequencing indicated that infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity showed strong associations (positive and negative) to having female adult alloparents. Alloparental feeding and co\u2010sleeping displayed stronger associations to infant bacterial diversity compared to playing or holding. The associations with allocare behaviors differed in magnitude and direction across infant body sites. Bacterial relative abundances varied by infant\u2013alloparent relationship and breastfeeding status.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: This study provides some of the first evidence of an association between allocare and infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity. The results suggest that infants' exposure to bacteria from the social environment may vary based on infant\u2013alloparent relationships and allocare behaviors. Since the microbiome influences immune system development, variation in allocare that impacts the diversity of infant bacterial communities may be an underexplored dimension of the social determinants of health in early life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T06:20:03Z","timestamp":1693030803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interactions with alloparents are associated with the diversity of infant skin and fecal bacterial communities in Chicago, United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa B.","family":"Manus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa Savo","family":"Sardaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life University of San Raffaele  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omolola","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya I.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa R.","family":"Romoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie G.","family":"Torello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Ubadigbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801925105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22931"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017947118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201900034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00164-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/436921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2017.00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0409-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Complex Data Collective. (2016).Network canvas: Software to simplify complex network data collection.https:\/\/networkcanvas.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.ac2019.po0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0454-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00604-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37298-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0167-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(95)90329-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.027284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1997)5:6<187::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21426"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06473-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","volume-title":"Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding","author":"Hrdy S. B.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00471-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9:4\u27e8156::AID-EVAN5\u27e93.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0731-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.233940.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555674147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.012809.105054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-091908-164350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00448-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01884-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00834-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eox013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-005-1007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500110064036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnab143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-56"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00043-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","unstructured":"Scheinin I. Kalimeri M. Jagerroos V. Parkkinen J. Tikkanen E. W\u00fcrtz P. &Kangas A.(2023).ggforestplot: Forestplots of measures of effects and their confidence intervals.https:\/\/nightingalehealth.github.io\/ggforestplot\/index.html https:\/\/github.com\/nightingalehealth\/ggforestplot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","unstructured":"Schloerke B. Cook D. Larmarange J. Briatte F. Marbach M. Thoen E. Elberg A. &Crowley J.(2022).GGally: Extension to 'ggplot2'.https:\/\/ggobi.github.io\/ggally\/ https:\/\/github.com\/ggobi\/ggally"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(02)00105-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00192-17"},{"issue":"00","key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"microbiomeutilities: microbiomeutilities: Utilities for microbiome analytics","volume":"1","author":"Shetty S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174419000588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00009-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01258-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","volume-title":"Package breakaway. R Package","author":"Willis A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxaa015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04214-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199899"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.23972","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T07:23:16Z","timestamp":1752823396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.23972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.23972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.23972","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e23972"}}