{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:30:27Z","timestamp":1767339027459,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guatemala suffered from civil war and high levels of inequality and childhood stunting in the second half of the 20th century, but little is known about inequalities in secular trends in adiposity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate differences in childhood body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness trajectories from 1979 to 1999 between three groups of children: High socioeconomic position (SEP) Ladino, Low SEP Ladino, and Low SEP Indigenous Maya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample comprised 19\u2009346 children aged 7\u201317\u2009years with 54\u2009638 observations. The outcomes were height, BMI, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), and subscapular skinfold thickness (SST) Z\u2010scores according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) references. Sex\u2010specific multilevel models were used to estimate and compare mean trajectories from 1979 to 1999 between the three groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean Z\u2010scores were always highest for High SEP Ladino children and lowest for Low SEP Maya children. Despite their very short stature, the Low SEP groups had SST trajectories that were above the 50th centile. The BMI trajectories were relatively flat and within one major centile band of the CDC median, with differences between the three groups that were small (0.2\u20130.3 Z\u2010scores) and did not attenuate over time. Conversely, the TST Z\u2010score trajectories demonstrated larger positive secular trends (e.g., from \u22121.25 in 1979 to \u22120.06 in 1999 for Low SEP Maya boys), with differences between the three groups that were large (0.5\u20131.2 Z\u2010scores) and did attenuate over time (in boys). Secular trends and between\u2010group difference in the SST Z\u2010score trajectories were less pronounced, but again we found stronger evidence in boys that the estimated inequalities attenuated over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secular trends and inequalities in skinfolds differ from those for BMI in Guatemalan children. Differences between groups in skinfolds attenuated over time, at least in boys, but whether this is good news is questionable given the very short stature yet relatively large subscapular skinfolds of the Low SEP groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T04:50:06Z","timestamp":1703652606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inequalities in adiposity trends between 1979 and 1999 in Guatemalan children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Loughborough UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9481-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liina","family":"Mansukoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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