{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:57:25Z","timestamp":1787954245009,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortisol is an important metabolic hormone that regulates multiple physiologic systems. Cortisol metabolism is sensitive to early life environments, including that experienced prenatally. Limited research has evaluated factors that predict variation in maternal and offspring toddler hair cortisol, which is important since hair cortisol represents different dynamics of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)\u2010axis function than more common salivary or serum measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this gap, we longitudinally evaluated whether maternal depression measured in pregnancy and 1\u2009month postnatal was associated with maternal and offspring hair cortisol levels approximately 15\u2009months after birth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200946 mothers, 40 toddlers; mean 15.6\u2009months postnatal, SD\u2009=\u20092.9\u2009months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean depression symptoms were highest during the prenatal period. Prenatal, but not postnatal, maternal depression was associated with offspring hair cortisol levels (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.095, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01). Maternal hair cortisol was not associated with depression measured at either time point.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate that offspring hair cortisol more than a year after birth is associated with maternal prenatal depression, consistent with previous research in salivary cortisol, suggesting that long\u2010term offspring stress physiology may be influenced by conditions experienced in utero. These findings highlight the potential for hair cortisol\u2014a minimally invasive and easy\u2010to\u2010collect measure\u2014 to index toddler HPA\u2010axis dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T07:18:42Z","timestamp":1719645522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toddler hair cortisol levels are associated with maternal prenatal depression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Zaneta M.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department Washington University at St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade A.","family":"Beauregard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department Washington University at St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa E.","family":"Gildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department Washington University at St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0691-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2022.100082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/BJP.150.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AJHB.23814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/DEV.21449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23494"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AJHB.23718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2022.104528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/DEV.22021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23169-w"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.24127","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T12:46:35Z","timestamp":1729773995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.24127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.24127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.24127","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e24127"}}