{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:31:04Z","timestamp":1792603864109,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["197305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["197305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the context of adverse in utero environments, the fetal brain might be preserved at the expense of other tissues. This trade\u2010off, brain sparing, has not been studied in the context of maternal infection. We investigated cases of maternal syphilis in the early 20th century and influenza during the 1918\u20131920 pandemic, in the Swiss city of Lausanne, a relatively high\u2010income setting. We tested the brain sparing hypothesis, that head circumference is protected at the expense of birth weight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 8530 individual birth records from 1911 to 1922 from the University Maternity Hospital of Lausanne were used. We fitted generalized linear and additive linear models to explain how neonatal size varies under disease exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza reduced head circumference and birth weight among livebirths similarly, by \u22120.11 and \u22120.14 standard deviation (SD) units respectively. Conversely, for syphilis\u2010exposed infants, head circumference was affected more than birth weight (\u22120.61 SD vs. \u22120.46 SD). Stillborn infants exposed to syphilis experienced a much greater reduction in head circumference (\u22121.92 SD) than liveborn infants. After adjustment for gestational age, these findings persisted in the case of influenza, but the effects of syphilis were reduced. Furthermore, half of syphilis\u2010exposed infants were born before term, suggesting that lower infant size was partly mediated by shorter gestation. Nevertheless, head circumference among stillbirths exposed to syphilis was still substantially reduced, even after adjustment for gestational age (\u22121.26 SD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings do not support the brain sparing hypothesis. Moreover, the substantial reduction in head circumference among syphilis\u2010exposed fetuses might help explain why a quarter of them were stillborn.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T23:59:00Z","timestamp":1724457540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the Concept of Brain Sparing in a High Income Setting, Using Historical Records of Maternal Influenza or Syphilis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9495-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Le Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropometrics &amp; Historical Epidemiology Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cortina\u2010Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department University College London, Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C. K.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department University College London, Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009838108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-002-0039-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Congenital Syphilis","volume":"2","author":"Burke E.","year":"1926","journal-title":"British Journal of Venereal Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/45.3.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2023.\u201cFacts about Microcephaly.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/microcephaly.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.103515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Chang W. J.Cheng J.Allaire et\u00a0al.2023.\u201cshiny: Web Application Framework for R (R package version 1.8.0)\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1265725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Maternit\u00e9 de Lausanne.1911.\u201cObst\u00e9trique K VIII e 206\u2010262 1911\u20131922.\u201dhttps:\/\/davel.vd.ch\/detail.aspx?id=982334."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010016\u20101192\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471\u20100528.14143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1992.10475190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019726108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(08)60074\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2005.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.107623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610140008002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"680","article-title":"Clinical Review Measuring Head Circumference Update on Infant Microcephaly","volume":"61","author":"Harris S. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(11)70104\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477221"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Confounding Evaluation: An Application to Birth Defects","volume":"155","author":"Hern\u00e1n M. A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360020303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes en Suisse","author":"Jaeger H.","year":"1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201040134\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80234-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(23)00314\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70428-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096\u2010011\u20101248\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201066925\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2023.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (4.3.2).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300008279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"Ross N.2019. \u201cChapter\u00a02: Interpreting and Visualizing GAMs.\u201d Generalized Additive Models in R: A Free Interactive Course.https:\/\/noamross.github.io\/gams\u2010in\u2010r\u2010course\/chapter2."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000464272"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrivankova V. W. L. D.Schreck C.Berlin et\u00a0al.2023.\u201cSociodemographic and Regional Differences in Neonatal and Infant Mortality in Switzerland: The Swiss National Cohort. Preprint.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.09.19.23295765.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.19.23295765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010020\u201005236\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","volume-title":"The Evolution of Life Histories","author":"Stearns S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0198-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","volume-title":"HISCO. Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations","author":"Leeuwen M. H. D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","unstructured":"vanLeeuwen M. H. D. I.Maas andA.Miles.2024.\u201cHistory of Work Information System.\u201dhttps:\/\/historyofwork.iisg.amsterdam\/\/detail_page_15737.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(14)60932\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/S\u20100028\u20101142018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2003.3183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00325"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30135-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010021\u201004149\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans\u20102015\u2010052363"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.24143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T12:48:59Z","timestamp":1755002939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.24143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.24143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.24143","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e24143"}}