{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:19:26Z","timestamp":1781511566131,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human sexual dimorphism in physical strength manifests itself in men having a greater muscle mass than women, reflecting ancestral roles in competition, protection, and provisioning. Prenatal testosterone exposure, approximated via the second\u2010to\u2010fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is linked to increased muscular strength in both sexes, indicating a developmental influence. Previous research has shown that both physical strength and 2D:4D have facial shape correlates, especially in men, but most studies have focused on Western populations and one trait. We therefore hypothesized a broader relationship between facial shape and both physical strength and 2D:4D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we quantified the association between facial shape, handgrip strength (HGS), and 2D:4D in a non\u2010Western Turkish sample (72 men, 55 women; <jats:italic>Md<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922 y, SIR\u2009=\u20091.8 y) using two dimensional geometric morphometrics. Thirty\u2010eight somatometric and 32 semi\u2010landmarks were digitized on facial photographs taken in frontal view. Physical strength was assessed via handgrip strength (HGS), and the second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length to calculate 2D:4D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both HGS and 2D:4D were significantly associated with shape in both sexes, but only in men did they explain a significant amount of facial variation. Thin\u2010plates spline deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs visualized the facial shape changes related to variations in handgrip strength, 2D:4D, and sexual dimorphism, enabling trait comparisons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study contributes a comparative sample from the Middle East, which is indispensable to discern universalities from Western peculiarities. It provides evidence to better understand the biological basis of facial traits, which can potentially serve as increasingly relevant social cues in today's online and digital environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T23:20:10Z","timestamp":1726183210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and <scp>2D<\/scp>:<scp>4D<\/scp> in a Turkish Male and Female Sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Ayd\u0131k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berna","family":"Ertu\u011frul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1809-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Windhager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"\u00d6zener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2328"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1700027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology","author":"Bookstein F. 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