{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:53:22Z","timestamp":1754146402758,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined long\u2010term changes in body composition and bone mineral characteristics among male long\u2010distance runners from a high\u2010profile university team, focusing on concerns about impaired musculoskeletal development due to extreme leanness and weight management practices in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trajectory analyses were performed using multilevel modeling of 608 dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry datasets from 109 runners (mean age, height, and weight of 18.0\u2009years, 171.4\u2009cm, and 56.8\u2009kg at baseline, respectively) collected biannually over 4\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linear increases in total and regional lean mass (LM) were observed on average, with the increase in leg LM being double that of arm LM (0.07 vs. 0.03\u2009kg per occasion, respectively). Similarly, total bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) exhibited linear growth on average, with BMD accrual being greater in the legs than in the arms (0.004 vs. 0.001\u2009g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per occasion, respectively). However, rib BMD and BMC were predicted to decrease. Individually predicted growth rates in total LM were significantly associated with those in total BMD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.347, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and BMC (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.424, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results indicate site\u2010specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long\u2010distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1730959810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trajectory Analysis of the Four\u2010Year Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Characteristics Among Highly Competitive Male University Long\u2010Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2210-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norimitsu","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Studies Hosei University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Tokita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and Health Studies Hosei University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6 Lund University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11597140\u2010000000000\u201000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.9.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102016\u2010096698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1735570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s8756\u20103282(97)00026\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Bone Densitometry in Clinical Practice: Application and Interpretation","author":"Bonnick S. 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