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Existing studies in low\u2010income societies largely use broad proxies for caregiving behaviors rather than measuring childcare activities, which may mask variation in allomothering and, thus, its impact on children's health. Using data collected to address these limitations we measure, for 808 children under 5\u2009years in Northwestern Tanzania: (a) Maternal residence, (b) receipt of two childcare types from seven caregivers; and (c) children's growth (height\u2010for\u2010age and weight\u2010for\u2010height). We predict that (1) allomothering will be beneficial for children's growth and (2) benefits of allomothering will be most evident within mother nonresident households. We demonstrate that children receive care from a range of allomothers, even when mothers co\u2010reside; and there are associations between care from different relatives. Receiving care from relatives of the same lineage tends to be positively associated, whereas care from fathers is negatively associated with care from maternal relatives. Maternal residence is not associated with child growth. We find little support for our predictions, with few and inconsistent associations between allomothering and child growth. Our findings suggest that our measures of care, while more nuanced than previous proxies, do not fully capture the complexity of caregiving. Pathways between allomothering and child growth may be further elucidated through more comprehensive care indicators, which specifically measure maternal need for help, and whether allomothering is in addition to, or substitutive of, maternal care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T15:18:32Z","timestamp":1743261512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Children's Caregiving and Growth in Northwestern Tanzania: Limited Evidence That Support From Specific Caregivers Is Associated With Better Growth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anush\u00e9","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California  Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail E.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Culture and Evolution Brunel University London  Uxbridge Middlesex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Culture and Evolution Brunel University London  Uxbridge Middlesex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"Schaffnit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Urassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research  Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000023002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.1992.tb01670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0014184032000160532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Aubel J.2010.\u201cThe Roles and Influence of Grandmothers and Men: Evidence Supporting a Family\u2010Focused Approach to Optimal Infant and Young Child Nutrition.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.iycn.org\/resource\/the\u2010roles\u2010and\u2010influence\u2010of\u2010grandmothers\u2010and\u2010men\u2010evidence\u2010supporting\u2010a\u2010family\u2010focused\u2010approach\u2010to\u2010optimal\u2010infant\u2010and\u2010young\u2010child\u2010nutrition\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740\u20108709.2011.00333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/demres.2002.7.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Substitute Parents: Biological and Social Perspectives on Alloparenting Across Human Societies","author":"Belsky J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Hunter\u2010Gatherer Childhoods","author":"Blurton Jones N. 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