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We investigated EBV\u2010Ab as a biomarker of adversity in a setting where local ecology and economy may affect immune development differently than in wealthy countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured EBV\u2010Ab in finger\u2010prick dried blood spots collected from Indigenous Shuar (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009433) and non\u2010Indigenous <jats:italic>Colonos<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200984) ranging from &lt;\u20091 to 87\u2009years old in Amazonian Ecuador. For a subset of adults (\u2265\u200915\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009210), we collected socioeconomic information (income, education, and occupation) and assessed household\u2010level market integration. We determined the most important predictors of EBV\u2010Ab for adults and children using multi\u2010model averaging of linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male children (&lt;\u200915\u2009years) had lower EBV\u2010Ab than female children (model averaged <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [SE]: \u22120.238 [0.066]). For adults, Shuar had higher EBV\u2010Ab than <jats:italic>Colonos<\/jats:italic> (model averaged <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [SE]: 0.235 [0.113]), and high systolic blood pressure was an important predictor of elevated EBV\u2010Ab (model averaged <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [SE]: 0.088 [0.047]). Individuals who reported unpaid domestic work as their primary occupation had higher EBV\u2010Ab than agricultural workers (model averaged <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [SE]: 0.302 [0.113]). Individuals living in houses with more market\u2010sourced infrastructure had lower EBV\u2010Ab (model averaged <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> [SE]: \u22120.088 [0.068]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circulating EBV\u2010Ab may capture context\u2010specific aspects of socioecological adversity in Amazonian Ecuador, highlighting disparities in EBV\u2010Ab between Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous Ecuadorians and differences in immune function related to market integration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1747028021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Circulating Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Antibody Levels as a Biomarker of Socioecological Adversity in Amazonian Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7512-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geeta N.","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia G.","family":"Ridgeway\u2010Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Queens College City University of New York  Flushing New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington State University  Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara J.","family":"Cepon\u2010Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Colorado Springs  Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Urlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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