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Helminth species, however, vary in their effects on hosts and should be considered separately. We examined relationships between species\u2010specific helminth infection and circulating biomarkers of adaptive immune antibodies (total immunoglobulin E [IgE]), systemic inflammation (C\u2010reactive protein [CRP]), and immune regulation (interleukin\u20106 [IL\u20106]), among Indigenous Shuar adults. We predicted that STH infection would be (1) associated with higher levels of IgE and (2) lower levels of CRP, with (3) IL\u20106 driving these associations based on species\u2010specific relationships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventeen Shuar adults provided stool and finger\u2010prick blood samples. BCa bootstrap ANCOVA and partial correlation tests examined relationships among infection status (uninfected, <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infected, <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> infected, coinfected), control variables (region, sex, age, body mass), and immune biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On average, coinfected participants had the highest IgE compared to all other groups. <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected individuals had, on average, the lowest CRP levels compared to any other group; this was only significant compared to uninfected participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Notably, IL\u20106 was positively correlated with IgE in <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and with CRP in <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected individuals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), highlighting its role in differentiating between immunoregulation and inflammation based on species\u2010specific infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune biomarkers varied by infection status: <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection may downregulate and <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> infection may exacerbate systemic inflammation. These preliminary findings suggest that STH species must be considered separately within the OFH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:49:41Z","timestamp":1748594981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Soil\u2010Transmitted Helminths and the Intricacies of Immunoregulation: Evidence From Amazonian Ecuador for the Importance of Considering Species\u2010Specific Effects Within the Old Friends Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara J.","family":"Cepon\u2010Robins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Colorado Springs  Colorado Springs Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa E.","family":"Gildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Urlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Queens College \u2010 City University of New York  Flushing New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard G.","family":"Bribiescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7512-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geeta","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7021-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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