{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1786512705316,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004730","name":"University of Toronto Scarborough","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#181602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#181602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic has disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, including sexual and gender minority (SGM) people. Food insecurity, prevalent among this population, may influence perceived vulnerability to infection and related psychological outcomes. This study investigated the association between food insecurity and perceived vulnerability to infection among SGM adults in Toronto, Canada, during the third wave of the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed\u2010methods study was conducted with 338 self\u2010identified SGM adults recruited via respondent\u2010driven sampling to complete an internet\u2010based survey between March and July 2021. Measures included food security status, germ aversion, perceived infectability, and COVID\u201019 worry. Structural equation modeling (SEM) examined pathways linking food insecurity, discrimination, sleep quality, and perceived vulnerability to disease, adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SEM showed that discrimination predicted increased food insecurity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.30,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and poorer sleep quality (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Sleep quality mediated the relationship between food insecurity and perceived vulnerability to disease (indirect effect\u2009=\u20090.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Discrimination had a significant total effect on perceived vulnerability to disease (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the roles of food insecurity, discrimination, and sleep quality in shaping perceptions of disease vulnerability and risk among SGM people. Interventions addressing food security, mental health, and structural inequities are crucial for mitigating health disparities both during public health crises and in everyday life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T09:33:43Z","timestamp":1758101623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biosocial Factors Shaping Perceptions of Disease Risk Among a Community\u2010Based Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority People Living in Toronto During the\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James K.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"Kinsey Institute Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Society University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6852-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Connecticut  Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaspars","family":"Mikelstiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Society University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jada","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Society University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leela","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8424-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law &amp; Legal Studies Carleton University  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luseadra","family":"McKerracher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health &amp; Society University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ebs0000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/jar.0521004.0066.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.635817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.27.1.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886\u2010017\u20100916\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018552118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102218-011133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Coleman\u2010Jensen A. andM. P.Rabbitt.2021.Food Pantry Use Increased in 2020 for Most Types of US Households. Amber Waves: The Economics of Food Farming Natural Resources and Rural America 2021(1490\u20102021\u20101571)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010703"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaab051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00120-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Gibb J. K. L. J.McKerracher andJ.Fields.2020.Queers and Pandemics Past Present and Forever: LGBTQ+ Health Vulnerabilities and Public Health Visibility. McMaster Institute for Globalization Studies: Working Paper Series\u2010COVID\u201019 Urgent Responses 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-017-9439-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221091784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Income\u2010Related Household Food Security in Canada","author":"Health Canada Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (2007). Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2, Nutrition","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32920\/jcd.v7i2.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3148\/cjdpr-2021-015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15528014.2025.2459995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","article-title":"Ultra\u2010Processed Diet, Systemic Oxidative Stress, and Breach of Immunologic Tolerance","volume":"91","author":"Leo E. E. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980023002008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-016-9262-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22374\/cjmrp.v22i1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 53)","author":"Murray D. R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980024001630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20156461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010020\u201008684\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1237091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21106\/ijtmrph.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577416.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020005157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060221080242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2019.1669605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117378"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.012070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0513"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70131","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajhb.70131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1786511547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.70131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.70131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.70131","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70131"}}