{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1786512705467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet little is known about how its age\u2010related trajectory differs by lifestyle factors across adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed data from 8758 adults aged 40\u201380\u2009years using NHANES from 2011 to 2020. Total cholesterol was measured via enzymatic analysis of serum samples. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, with participants classified as meeting or not meeting physical activity guidelines (\u2265\u2009150\u2009min\/week of moderate\u2010to\u2010vigorous activity). Weight status was determined by body mass index (BMI), categorized as healthy BMI (18.5\u201324.9\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) or overweight BMI (\u2265\u200925.0\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Time\u2010varying effect modeling (TVEM) was used to estimate total cholesterol across age, stratified by physical activity and BMI category.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TVEM indicated that there were no significant differences in total cholesterol levels between physical activity groups across age. In contrast, individuals with an overweight BMI had higher total cholesterol levels than those with a normal BMI, with significant differences observed between ages 63 and 69.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight late midlife as a turning point when excess body weight may exert a stronger influence on cholesterol regulation. Age\u2010specific approaches to weight management may enhance cardiovascular disease prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T10:40:32Z","timestamp":1756550432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age\u2010Varying Patterns of Total Cholesterol by Modifiable Lifestyle Factors Across Mid to Late Adulthood: Applying Time\u2010Varying Effect Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heontae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health Sciences, Counseling and Counseling Psychology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungbak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business State University of New York at Fredonia  Fredonia New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9264-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myungjin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010006\u20109100\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000146094.59640.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36150\/2499\u20106564\u2010N637"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018\u2010022\u201003485\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"CDC. n.d.\u201cAdult BMI Categories.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bmi\/adult\u2010calculator\/bmi\u2010categories.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.7597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Enkhmaa B. P.Surampudi E.Anuurad andL.Berglund.2018.\u201cLifestyle Changes: Effect of Diet Exercise Functional Food and Obesity Treatment on Lipids and Lipoproteins.\u201dEndotext."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102796.2011.02466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Johnson C. L. S. M.Dohrmann V. L.Burt andL. K.Mohadjer.2014.\u201cNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sample Design 2011\u20102014 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148272"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa020194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70944-0","volume-title":"Time\u2010Varying Effect Modeling for the Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences","author":"Lanza S. T.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"Li R. J. J.Dziak X.Tan L.Huang A. T.Wagner andJ.Yang.2017.\u201cTVEM (Time\u2010Varying Effect Modeling) SAS Macro Users' Guide.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.26207\/b9q1\u2010cq55."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010013\u20100110\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2024.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01537-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1379785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671\u20105411.2015.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201088167\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679\u2010024\u201000580\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944\u2010017\u20100515\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.03.008"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajhb.70132","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:12:32Z","timestamp":1786511552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.70132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.70132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.70132","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70132"}}