{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:00:11Z","timestamp":1793379611962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Inflammation is the immune system's natural response to initial tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis bacteria have gained adaptations to manipulate the inflammatory process, sometimes settling into latency and containment in granulomas, ensuring their survival. Grounded in an evolutionary framework, this hypothesis\u2010driven narrative synthesis centers upon immune\u2010related switches, macrophage manipulations, and the critical roles of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in the body, exploring how this pro\u2010inflammatory mitogen expressed by M1 macrophages frames risks for latent tuberculosis reactivation. The review focuses on trauma, ovulation, and depression, three case studies of pro\u2010inflammatory switches creating risks for reactivation because of M1 macrophage polarization, the up\u2010regulation of VEGFA expression, and angiogenesis (the sprouting of new blood vessels). A biological rationale is extended for why skeletal tuberculosis is so often connected with onsets in childhood, why adolescent and reproductive age females may experience heightened risks for latent tuberculosis reactivation relative to males, and why there is a potential for latent tuberculosis reactivation following onsets of depression. The immunity switches and reactivation risks of trauma, ovulation, and depression are problematic, particularly in contexts of endemic tuberculosis if large numbers of people are routinely latently infected, and among individuals with natural \u201chigh producer\u201d VEGFA phenotypes, or those with strong type 1\/M1\/T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 or type 3\/M1\/T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 pro\u2010inflammatory switch tendencies, and in infections with tuberculosis bacteria possessing macrophage\u2010 and granuloma\u2010manipulating adaptations (virulence factors). Arguably, any disease or physiological state engaging pro\u2010inflammatory switches (common and sometimes chronic in the modern population) and M1 macrophage polarizations, and any drug treatments or therapeutics intending to alter VEGFA expression should be considered for latent tuberculosis reactivation risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T09:47:07Z","timestamp":1758102427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunity Switches and Macrophage Manipulations: Trauma, Ovulation, and Depression as Latent Tuberculosis Reactivation Risks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacie","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084162"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.747799"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/29.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122641"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882\u2010018\u20100909\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060968"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201006\u20102416"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199411000578"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00324"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149624"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis\u20102013\u2010204960"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","volume-title":"The Osteology of Infants and Children","author":"Baker B. J.","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Gender Disparities in Tuberculosis: Report From a Rural DOTS Program in South India","volume":"8","author":"Balasubramanian R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20104796634\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112676"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700740115"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00602"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00200"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20109877(79)90108\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","volume-title":"Building Resistance: Children, Tuberculosis, and the Toronto Sanatorium","author":"Burke S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24042"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284\u2010021\u201002604\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008069"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12799"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140095"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1972.105.6.954"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112781"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2019.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.321141"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879\u2010020\u20104802\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.04.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_17_36_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the Spine: A Clinical Study of 203 Patients From Sea View and St. Luke's Hospital","volume":"41","author":"Cleveland M.","year":"1940","journal-title":"American Review of Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1967.95.6.935"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2006.00084.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61353-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.172837"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)60580\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.68.4.596"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018\u201000075"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991\u2010020\u201000281\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326\u20106066.CIR\u201014\u20100209"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00411"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.11.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod22.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_59_1","volume-title":"The Low\u2010Down on Inflammation From an HIV Doctor","author":"Eveland J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666\u20105247(22)00196\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020\u20101383(87)90059\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13\u20100425"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0316"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2250\u20100685.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00176\u201020182018"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00449-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203311"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2021.1965535"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_72_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Tuberculosis Among Children and Young Adults","author":"Giessler P. W.","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099\u20101212(200005\/06)10:3<198::AID\u2010OA522>3.0.CO;2\u2010B"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040487"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_17_75_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Vertebral Osteomyelitis After a Closed Fracture of the Spine","volume":"73","author":"Govender S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1550_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0000000000000056"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_78_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"BCG and Vole Bacillus Vaccines in the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Adolescence and Early Adult Life","volume":"46","author":"Great Britain","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u20106976.2012.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192953"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019105"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281\u2010018\u20100725\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_86_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"A Review of Sex Differences in the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Holmes C. B.","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010018\u20100117\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy131"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82585"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601511"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00216\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.624549"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ce1aab"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_95_1","volume-title":"Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints in Children","author":"John Fraser.","year":"1914"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895\u20104356(94)90030\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28708"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010022\u201003387\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v43i34a01"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.3.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885\u2010019\u20105702\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)37106-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201036432\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13023"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00718"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201024577\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105387"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000161219.75906.ec"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_112_1","first-page":"242","volume-title":"Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections","author":"Leonard M. K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2479986"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674803"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178035"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903856"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00592\u201009"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881\u2010018\u20100628\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-3-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2022.100300"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.911951"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010023\u201001043\u20108"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_17_124_1","first-page":"732","article-title":"The Spectrum of Disease in Children Treated for Tuberculosis in a Highly Endemic Area","volume":"10","author":"Marais B. J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02494\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281\u2010015\u20100533\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit037"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.6.4.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02846"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1355"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5200"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734613479383"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1944.tb00046.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435\u2010021\u20100014604"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_136_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production Is Regulated by Gene Polymorphisms","volume":"6","author":"Mohammadi M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010025\u201004098\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010019\u20101635\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4750"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102613.1997.d01\u2010247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000199"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1734\u20101140(13)71031\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190415"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13967"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010025\u201001261\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005479"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067\u2010009\u20101343\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181ad603d"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.3.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.997025"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2347025"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008804"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000099622.29212.2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33162"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1256"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.29.12.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901127"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010021\u201000694\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106870"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010022\u201001819\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2021.100281"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227472"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882\u2010020\u201002065\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010018\u20100919\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_169_1","volume-title":"Spinal Disease and Spinal Curvature: Their Treatment by Suspension and the Use of the Plaster of Paris Bandage","author":"Sayre L.","year":"1877"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781922064004.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmu.2018.02946"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00342"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_173_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Reactivation of Dormant Microorganisms Following a Trauma","volume":"66","author":"Sendi P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529\u20100131(199912)42:12<2724::AID\u2010ANR32>3.0.CO;2\u2010W"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222\u20101808(14)60315\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00071"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.2003.17.4.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00641-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2250\u20100685.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317537"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30187-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220531"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_187_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Local Osteo\u2010Articular Tuberculosis Complicating Closed Fractures","volume":"58","author":"Stuart D.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000104236"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/IJR.10.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1347817"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_192_1","first-page":"1110","article-title":"A Review on Angiogenesis and Its Assays","volume":"15","author":"Tahergorabi Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_229_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(37)80007-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.617751"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24033"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_199_1","first-page":"836","article-title":"Reactivation of Bacillus Calmette\u2010Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) After Scarlet Fever in an Immunocompetent Child","volume":"149","author":"Villavicencio K. L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610282104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005042"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2000.0692"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.962809"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4140.952"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1993.0063"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990305"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163\u20104453(83)91049\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00233"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0954\u20106111(06)80090\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_212_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2021.\u201cFact Sheets Depression.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950\u2010023\u201000360\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2413"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/651503"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201006685\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0119\u2010023R"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2024.2321901"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae090"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae030"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0b013e3181fb9a92"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70153","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000}}],"container-title":["American Journal of Human Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70146","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajhb.70146","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajhb.70146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:11:55Z","timestamp":1786511515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajhb.70146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":222,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajhb.70146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.70146","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-0533","1520-6300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-0533","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70146"}}