{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:13:52Z","timestamp":1773029632205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Oxidative stress (\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) plays a key role in human aging and lifelong health. Problematically, little attention has been given to\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n during childhood or outside of wealthy, industrialized populations. This limits understanding of the lifestyle and environmental factors that may drive global variation in childhood\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Here, we present multifaceted urinary\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n data from Indigenous Shuar children of Amazonian Ecuador to examine how children's\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n is influenced by: (1) broad differences in market integration (\n MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; rural vs. peri\u2010urban living); (2) household\u2010level predictors of pathogen exposure; and (3) physiological measures of pathogen burden (immune activity) and adversity (cortisol).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Anthropometrics, household questionnaire data, and biospecimens (urine and finger\u2010prick dried blood spots) were collected cross\u2010sectionally from rural (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200943) and peri\u2010urban (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200934) Shuar children, ages 4\u201312\u2009years. 8\u2010hydroxy\u20102\u2032\u2010deoxyguanosine (8\u2010\n OHdG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; a measure of oxidative damage) and total antioxidant capacity were measured in urine, and the overall oxidative stress index (\n OSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was calculated. Predictors of\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n were assessed using regression models.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Peri\u2010urban Shuar children had, on average, 45% lower\n OSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n than rural children (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.002). Household pathogen exposure variables, including lack of running water and a greater number of resident individuals, predicted greater child\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n (multiple\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Children's physiological measures of pathogen burden (circulating total immunoglobulin E) and adversity (urinary cortisol) similarly predicted greater\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n (multiple\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings suggest that\n MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , including its impact on pathogen exposure and physiology, is an important driver of global variation in childhood\n OS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and related disparities in phenotype and health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T12:41:03Z","timestamp":1769517663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Its Relationship With Market Integration and Pathogen Exposure Among Indigenous Shuar Children of Amazonian Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1016-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Samsonov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Josh","family":"Snodgrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"},{"name":"Global Station for Indigenous Studies & Cultural Diversity Hokkaido University Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Queens College (CUNY) Queens New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Y.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Baylor University Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0398-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela Pfaff","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Urlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Baylor University Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/13\u2010383.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120412"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.28.1.397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.073668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012\/759621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2008.01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The Evolution of Human Life History","author":"Robson S. 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