{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:20:17Z","timestamp":1769646017088,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMA\u20102222262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMA\u20102222262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMA\u20102222263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMA\u20102222263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMA\u20102222264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMA\u20102222264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Hum Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse environmental conditions during early life can increase the risk of obesity in adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that early\u2010life adversity leads to a lower metabolic rate and reduced fat oxidation, factors expected to increase fat accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data collected from 80 children and adolescents (aged 6\u201315\u2009years;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200939 females) living in Vanuatu. Relative lower limb length, calculated as the ratio of lower limb length to stature, was used as a surrogate measure of each individual's early\u2010life environmental conditions, with a shorter relative lower limb length considered indicative of greater adversity. Fasting resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured with indirect calorimetry, and a higher RQ value was considered indicative of a lower rate of fat oxidation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that, in a linear mixed\u2010effects model including age, sex, and fat\u2010free body mass as fixed effects and community and family as random effects, relative lower limb length was not significantly associated with RMR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.95). However, in a separate model, relative lower limb length was significantly negatively associated with RQ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036), after accounting for the same fixed and random effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The latter finding suggests that adverse environmental conditions during early life may lead to reduced fat oxidation, which has the potential to increase the risk of obesity later in life. This finding might partially explain the so\u2010called double burden of malnutrition (the co\u2010occurrence of undernutrition and obesity) currently affecting many low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T10:50:50Z","timestamp":1769251850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reduced Fat Oxidation as a Potential Pathway Linking Early\u2010Life Adversity to Obesity Risk: Evidence From Vanuatu"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Md. Khaled Bin Oli","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-1336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Hinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Vanuatu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna K.","family":"Kotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean, and Natural Sciences The University of the South Pacific, Emalus Campus  Port Vila Vanuatu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mattison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"McGrosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Elon University  Elon North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2397-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman","family":"Pontzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0401-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia M. T.","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary C.","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Wander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Binghamton University  Binghamton New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9537-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siobh\u00e1n M.","family":"Cully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v111.i09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7031047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011001662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20903"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.307","article-title":"Assessing Risk Factors for Obesity Between Childhood and Adolescence: II. 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