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However, no health standards exist for salinity levels in drinking water. This protocol paper describes the Daasanach Human Biology Project, which is testing how water salinity exposure and heat stress impact hydration, kidney disease, and blood pressure among Daasanach pastoralists in a hot\u2010arid environment in northern Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study expands the Daasanach Human Biology Project, an existing longitudinal study, to recruit 600 adults across approximately 450 households in 12 communities in Illeret Sub\u2010County, Marsabit County, Kenya across six study waves. Data collection will occur seasonally during the wet (March\u2013April) and dry (June\u2013July) seasons. Household survey, anthropometric, dietary, doubly labeled water, point\u2010of\u2010care, lab\u2010based biomarker, and water quality data will be collected to assess the impact of water salinity, heat stress, and other relevant exposures on health. Multi\u2010level regression will be used to account for the longitudinal and nested nature of the data to determine how water salinity coupled with environmental exposures like heat impact hydration, kidney, and cardiometabolic function, and hypertension among Daasanach pastoralists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploring how water salinity in hot environments impacts human health can help uncover the environmental and social pathways to CKD and cardiovascular diseases facing populations around the world dealing with freshwater salinization. The data generated will provide dose\u2010specific health standards for sodium\u2010chloride in water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:18:18Z","timestamp":1791872298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study Protocol for the Daasanach Human Biology Project: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Drinking Water Salinity and Heat Stress on Water Insecurity, Hydration, Energetics, Hypertension, and Kidney Function in Northern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0729-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Alfredo J.","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1335-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ndiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences National Museums of Kenya  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Nzunza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9822-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff M.","family":"Sands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Farquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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