{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:17:19Z","timestamp":1791551839517,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,13]],"date-time":"2002-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1013558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevention of work\u2010related musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and low back disorders has been a focus of international prevention efforts including regulation. This study examines workers compensation claims in Washington State to provide baseline data from which to assess the need and the effects of prevention activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Washington State Fund workers compensation claims for general and selected specific hand\/wrist, elbow, shoulder, and back disorders in 1990\u20131998 as well as general self\u2010insured compensable (four or more lost workdays) claims data were examined. Payroll hours were used to calculate claims incidence rates per 10,000 full\u2010time equivalent employees (FTEs). We created a prevention index (PI) to rank industries by averaging the ranks of their number of claims and their claims incidence rate. The focus was on non\u2010traumatic soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders (NTST\u2010MSDs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1990\u20131998, there were 392,925 State Fund accepted claims for N TST\u2010MSDs of the neck, back, and upper extremity resulting in $2.6 billion in direct costs and 20.5 million lost workdays. The average claims incidence rate (CIR) was 355 NTST\u2010MSDs per 10,000 FTEs. The NTST\u2010MSD CIR decreased significantly less than that for all other claims (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) but the CIR for upper extremity NTST\u2010MSDs did not significantly decrease over the study period. There were no significant changes in the CIRs for sciatica (4.9 per 10,000 FTEs) and rotator cuff syndrome (15.3 per 10,000 FTEs), whereas the CIR for epicondylitis (10.6 per 10,000 FTEs) increased and for carpal tunnel syndrome (24.5 per 10,000 FTEs) decreased significantly over the study period. Based on the prevention index, the top five industries for combined State Fund and Self\u2010Insured Compensable NTST\u2010MSDs were Trucking and Courier Services (SIC 421), Nursing Homes (SIC 805), Masonry (SIC 174), Air Transportation (SIC 451), and Residential Construction (SIC 152). Using Washington Industrial Classes (WIC), temporary workers in assembly and administrative services were also high on the prevention index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NTST\u2010MSDs continue to be a large and costly problem in Washington State. While the incidence rates for some NTST\u2010MSDs are decreasing, the overall rate is not decreasing as fast as the rate for all other claims. In some cases, the rate is stable (sciatica, rotator cuff syndrome) or increasing (epicondylitis). Heavy manual handling and repetitive work characterize the industries with the highest risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:149\u2013169, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:12:15Z","timestamp":1030317135000},"page":"149-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Use of a prevention index to identify industries at high risk for work\u2010related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, back, and upper extremity in Washington state, 1990\u20131998"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eira","family":"Viikari\u2010Juntura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kalat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Methods of Recording Basic Facts Relating to the Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries","author":"American National Standards Institute (ANSI)","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors\u2014A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work\u2010related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back","author":"Bernard B","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199609)30:3<362::AID-AJIM16>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics.1999.Workplace injuries and illnesses in 1997. US Department of Labor Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"California Department of Industrial Relations.2000.Repetitive Motion Injuries. California Code of Regulations Titile 8\u2010Section 5110. Amended April 28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.6.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700280504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Work\u2010related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs): A Reference for Prevention","author":"Hagberg M","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.1998.4.4.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace","author":"National Research Council and Institute of Medicine","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531158"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration.2000.Final Ergonomics Program Standard. Part 1910 of Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Subpart W of 29 CFR Part 1910.900. November 2000. (Note: this standard was rescinded in 2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Attending Doctor's Handbook","author":"Office of the Medical Director","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.7.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.12.1827"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Healthy People 2010","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Labor and Industries.2000.WAC 296\u201062\u2010051 Ergonomics. 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