{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:02:42Z","timestamp":1791320562679,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,18]],"date-time":"2002-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1037577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous epidemiologic studies of workers at nuclear weapons facilities have not included X\u2010ray exposures as part of the occupational radiation exposure. The research objective was to determine the contribution of work\u2010related chest X\u2010ray (WRX) exposure relative to the cumulative occupational radiation exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases and controls were identified from a cohort of workers whose employment began as early as 1943. Medical records for 297 subjects were used to determine the bone marrow dose from their X\u2010ray examinations. Individual dose data, however, were only available for 45 workers. Bone marrow dose estimates were calculated by converting the entrance\u2010skin\u2010exposure (from X\u2010ray procedures) and occupational exposure (from monitoring data) to dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stereoscopic photofluorography delivered a bone marrow dose nearly 100 times that delivered by today's chest X\u2010ray technique. Photofluorography was the predominant radiation source during the 1940s and 1950s. The cumulative WRX dose was, on average, 50 times their occupational doses. No correlation between occupational and WRX dose was found, but may be due to the small study size and incomplete dose data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings illustrate the importance of including WRX doses in retrospective epidemiological studies of radiation workers, especially if photofluorographic chest X\u2010rays were performed and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is low. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:490\u2013501, 2002. 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