{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:39:14Z","timestamp":1780447154514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]],"date-time":"2003-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1058227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for occupational exposure to chemicals and physical agents have been very influential in the setting of occupational exposure limits in many countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three ACGIH risk assessments of the chlorinated solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) [ACGIH (1989): 5th edition; ACGIH (1992): 5th edition. Revised Vol II; ACGIH (1996): Suppl. 6th edition] are compared to 26 other risk assessments made of the same chemical substance. The documents are compared in terms of their overall conclusions and the data selected for assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is shown that these ACGIH risk assessment documents were based on incomplete and biased data sets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data on which the ACGIH [ACGIH (1996): Suppl. 6th edition] base their TCE risk assessment do not adequately reflect the available scientific knowledge about TCE toxicity and carcinogenicity. This may have influenced their conclusion that TCE is not carcinogenic in either animals or humans which stand out compared to contemporary risk assessments. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:207\u2013213, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,17]],"date-time":"2003-07-17T10:10:25Z","timestamp":1058436625000},"page":"207-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Scrutinizing ACGIH risk assessments: The trichloroethylene case"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Rud\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists).1989. \u201cTrichloroethylene\u201d Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices 5th ed. Cincinnati Ohio."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists).1992.\u201cTrichloroethylene\u201d Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices 5th ed. revised Vol. II. Cincinnati Ohio."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists).1996.\u201cTrichloroethylene\u201d Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices 6th ed. suppl. Cincinnati Ohio."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199507000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of workers with exposure to tri\u2010 and tetra\u2010chlorethylenes","volume":"31","author":"Axelson O","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197803000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"556","article-title":"Updated and expanded Swedish cohort study on trichloroethylene and cancer risk","volume":"36","author":"Axelson O","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9399281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408447609164019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(75)90468-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.10.854"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s2241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA).1993.Trichloroethylene. Priority Substances List Assessment Report Minister of Supply and Services Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700130503"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Perturbation of rodent hepatocyte growth control by nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens: Mechanisms and lack of relevance for human health (review)","volume":"5","author":"Chevalier S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(75)90001-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Critical data evaluation for MAK values and classification of carcinogens","author":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2000a.Summary record\u2014meeting of the commission working group on the classification and labelling of dangerous substances. ECBI\/51\/00 21.09.2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"European Commission.2000b.Summary record of conclusions\u2014commission group of specialised experts in the fields of carcinogenicity mutagenicity and reprotoxicity ECBI\/24\/00\u2010Rev.2 04.05.2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"FielderRJ LowingRK ShillakerRO.1982.Trichloroethylene. Toxicity Review 6 Health and Safety Executive HMSO."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1997.2312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance Inc. (HSIA).1996.Trichloroethylene White Paper. June 1996 On\u2010line 1999\u201005\u201005(http:\/\/www.hsia.org\/trichloro.htm)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Setting the limit. Occupational health standards and the limits of science","author":"Hansson SO","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Environmental Pollution and Carcinogenic Risks","author":"Henschler D","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"International Agency For Research on Cancer (IARC).1995a.Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Dry cleaning some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals. Vol 63."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"International Agency For Research on Cancer (IARC).1995b.Peroxisome proliferation and its role in carcinogenesis views and expert opinions of an IARC working group Lyon 7\u20139 December 1994. IARC Technical report no. 24. Lyon: IARC Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/347645a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Long\u2010term bioassay of carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. Preliminary results","volume":"4","author":"Maltoni C","year":"1977","journal-title":"Osp Vita"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"1986 Princeton Sci. Publ. Co Princeton C Maltoni G Lefemine G Cotti C Maltoni MA Mehlman Experimental research on trichloroethylene carcinogenesis. Arch of industrial carcinogenesis series"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer (VROM).1984.Criteriadocument over trichloroetheen. Gravenhage The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI).1976.Carcinogenesis bioassay of trichloroethylene. DHEW publication no. (NIH)76\u2013802."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP).1988.Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79\u201001\u20106) in four strains of rats (ACI August Marshall Osborne\u2010Mendel) (gavage studies). Technical report 273 PB88\u2010218896 Research Triangle Park."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP).1990.Carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) (CAS No. 79\u201001\u20106) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Technical report 243 PB 91\u2010111815 Research Triangle Park."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"NIOSH.1973.Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene\u2014criteria for a recommended standard. U.S. Dept. of Health Education and Welfare."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Nordiske ekspertgruppen for dokumentasjon av yrkeshygieniske grensverdier (NEG).1979.Trikloretylen. Arbete och H\u00e4lsa13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development (OECD).1996.Initial Assessment Report for the 4th SIAM (Screening information data set Initial Assessment Meeting). May 1996. Trichloroethylene. (Sponsor country: United Kingdom) (DRAFT)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"PageNP ArthurJL.1978.Special occupational hazard review of Trichloroethylene. NIOSH U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare Rockville Maryland 20857 Publ. No 78\u2013130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700050306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700230502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700170607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00525-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2001.1508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400306467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001550103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers at an aircraft maintenance facility I. Epidemiological results","volume":"48","author":"Spirtas R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"R64","article-title":"Spectral evidence for 2,2,3\u2010trichloro\u2010oxirane formation during microsomal trichloroethylene oxidation (abstract)","volume":"293","author":"Uehleke H","year":"1976","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004320050186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb51101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).1985.Trichloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria 50 IPCS Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198911000-00014"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajim.10252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.10252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T12:10:21Z","timestamp":1700223021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.10252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.10252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.10252","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]}}}