{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:52:31Z","timestamp":1771674751288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,14]],"date-time":"2003-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1068768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Housemaid, the most common occupation in the female labor force in Brazil, is known to be targeted by a generalized racial and job discrimination, which can generate mental suffering such as depressive and anxiety symptoms. In this cross\u2010sectional study, the association between being a maid and having depressive and anxiety symptoms was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data for this study was taken from a former survey carried out in a random sample of 470 families living in a poor area of the city of Salvador, capital of the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. The study population comprised all women between the ages of 14 and 69, who reported having a paid occupation (n\u2009=\u2009335). Data was collected by trained interviewers, using questionnaires. Psychological symptoms were identified using the Questionnaire for Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults, (QMPA), from which only those related to depression and anxiety (QMPA\u2010SAD) were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Logistic regression showed that being a housemaid was positively associated with \u201csadness\/tiredness\u201d (adjusted prevalence ratio, PR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.64; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.17\u20132.28), \u201cpoor concentration\u201d (PR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.81; 95% CI: 1.13\u20132.90), \u201cpalpitations\u201d (PR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20092.22; 95% CI: 1.28\u20133.84), and \u201caggressive behavior\u201d (PR<jats:sub>aj<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.58; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.46).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although cross\u2010sectional designs are limited by causal inference, these results are in accordance with those obtained in qualitative studies. Advances in the Brazilian labor legislation with respect to domestic service may help to reduce social discrimination and contribute towards minimizing a possible mental burden resulting from this occupation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:685\u2013691, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,18]],"date-time":"2003-11-18T21:22:30Z","timestamp":1069190550000},"page":"685-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Depressive and anxiety symptoms among housemaids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Eliane Cardoso","family":"Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilma Sousa","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Analysis of community\u2010based psychiatry studies in Brazil","author":"Almeida\u2010Filho N","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cad do IPUB"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"The factor structure of the adult psychiatry morbidity questionnaire in a community sample of Brazilian cities","volume":"28","author":"Andreoli SB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Work and gender\u2014Changes, no\u2010changes, and challenges","author":"Bento MAS","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"214p","volume-title":"Maids\/housekeepers and anything more: Housemaids in Latin America","author":"Chaney E","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"257p","volume-title":"The work madness: A study of psychopathology from work","author":"Dejours C","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199802000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"671p","volume-title":"National Research of Domicile Sample, PNAD. Synthesis of indicators, 1999","author":"IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica)","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"1989 Editora Hucitec S\u00e3o Paulo AC Laurell Process of production and health\u2014Work and workers wearing down 398p"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"1989 Aldine de Gruyter New York J Mirowsky CE Ross Social causes of psychological distress 259p"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"1977 Faculdade de Filosofia e Ci\u00eancias Humanas Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador AB Motta World vision of housemaids: A case study. [Master dissertation] 153p"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"OliveiraCM.2001.Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o. Durban\u2010\u00c1frica do Sul 3 set. 2001. Testemony of the President of the Sindicato das Trabalhadoras Dom\u00e9sticas da Bahia SINDOM\u00c9STICO in the World Conference Against Racism. Special Forum\u2014Voices of the victims of racism crimes (Mimeo).15p."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101997000100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2000.11949927"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"The symbolic dynamic of housekeeping\u2014A biographic approach","volume":"12","author":"Preuss MRG","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sexualidade\u2010g\u00eanero e sociedade"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"738p","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"187p","volume-title":"Housekeeping and capitalism","author":"Saffioti HIB","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Housekeeping and mental suffering","volume":"4","author":"Santana VS","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade Mental em Revista"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.6.1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102003000100011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"431p","volume-title":"Work and mental health in Brazil. Annals of the IV Simposium \u201cCultura e Situa\u00e7\u00e3o Psicossocial na Am\u00e9rica Latina.\u201d","author":"Seligmann\u2010Silva E","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"The girls and the house: The collective identity of girls employed as housemaids","author":"Vaz M","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"359p","volume-title":"Race, class, and gender: Common bonds, different voices","author":"Xu W","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajim.10280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.10280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T21:40:23Z","timestamp":1700257223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.10280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,14]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.10280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.10280","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,14]]}}}