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Each record in the KBR was assigned a categorical nickel (Ni) exposure rating according to the occupation the delivering woman had at the time of becoming pregnant. This was achieved by using as a guideline the water\u2010soluble Ni subfraction of the inhalable aerosol fraction obtained by personal monitoring for nickel\u2010 and copper\u2010refinery workers or\/and measured urinary\u2010Ni concentrations. The reference population was delivering women from the source population with background exposure level. In total, the study population consisted of 22,965 births.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred and four infants (13.3\/1,000 births; 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.9\u201314.7) were diagnosed with isolated musculoskeletal defect(s) at birth. The adjusted odds ratio for the association between the maternal exposure to Ni and this outcome was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.76\u20131.21) per unit increase in exposure category.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of defects in the musculoskeletal system at birth was high, especially for feet deformities, but we found no effect of maternal exposure to water\u2010soluble Ni on the risk of delivering a newborn with a defect. However, the incidence among women working in the copper refinery was higher than in the other employment groups. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:825\u2010833, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]],"date-time":"2008-07-24T15:12:15Z","timestamp":1216912335000},"page":"825-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Maternal nickel exposure and congenital musculoskeletal defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Vaktskjold","family":"Arild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talykova","family":"Ljudmila Vasiljevna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chashchin","family":"Valerij Petrovitsj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odland","family":"Jon \u00d6yvind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nieboer","family":"Evert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00632.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/61\/2003\/413","article-title":"Genital and epidemiological studies of polydactyly in Hungary","volume":"61","author":"Bellovits O","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anthrop Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000264193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Committee for Compounds Toxic to Reproduction (CCTR).2004.Nickel and its compounds; Evaluation of the effects on reproduction recommendation for classification. 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