{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:16:22Z","timestamp":1780467382274,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Scholarly understanding of the nature of the science around silicosis has been strongly influenced, in recent years, by the idea that the mine doctors were responsible for hiding an epidemic, on the mines and in the countryside. In this paper, I try to show that the opposite was in fact the case, and that the science and government institutions for the regulation of silicosis and tuberculosis in white and black male workers were distinctively elaborated, and very largely successful in tracking and controlling the disease. This singular visibility, funded by the mines, stands in marked contrast with disease in general in South Africa, and forms a major part of the explanation for the very strong association of silicosis with mine work. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S15\u2013S22, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T20:31:40Z","timestamp":1446064300000},"page":"15-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Conspicuous disease: The surveillance of silicosis in South Africa, 1910\u20131970"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Keith Derek","family":"Breckenridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand WISER Johannesburg Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Medical services: Transkeian Territories, 1945","volume":"19","author":"Anon","year":"1945","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02582470709464719"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139939546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Doctors of the mines","author":"Cartwright AP","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60951-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"The prevention of Transkei Silicosis","volume":"47","author":"Daynes WG","year":"1973","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"DigbyA.2006. Diversity and division in medicine: Health care in South Africa from the 1800s. [Studies in the history of medicine vol. 5]. Oxford: Peter Lang."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Illicit union: Scientific racism in modern South Africa","author":"Dubow S","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Falwasser HG.Acting Director of Native Labour.1926. Report of the Director of Native Labour. Transvaal Administration 1 November. TAD GNLB 380 11\/11 Native Affairs Department General 1921\u20131935."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A standard of fitness for natives on the mines","volume":"1","author":"Frew A","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc Transvaal Mine Med Off Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Heald CA. Undersecretary (European Areas).1956. Native labourers \u2010 Mining history records. SAB NTS 9793 1027\/400 (9)(a) Central Reference Bureau u\/s (EA) 's papers regarding mechanisation."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700120108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Historical relationship of mining, silicosis, and rock removal","volume":"4","author":"Holman T","year":"1947","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"\u201cThe notorious syndicalist\u201d J T Bain: A Scottish rebel in colonial South Africa","author":"Hyslop J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"International Labour Office (ILO).1930. Silicosis. Records of the International Conference held at Johannesburg 13\u201027 August 1930 (Studies and Reports Series F Industrial Hygiene No. 13). United Kingdom: International Labour Office (Geneva) 1930.http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/public\/libdoc\/ilo\/ILO\u2010SR\/ILO\u2010SR_F13_engl.pdfAccessed 25 June 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"304","article-title":"Miners' Phthisis","volume":"34","author":"Irvine LG","year":"1934","journal-title":"J Chem Metall Min Soc S Afr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"KahnT.2015. Huge backlog of lung disease claims. Business Day Live March 26 2015.http:\/\/www.bdlive.co.za\/national\/health\/2015\/03\/26\/huge\u2010backlog\u2010of\u2010lung\u2010disease\u2010claimsAccessed March 26 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Silicosis of the Witwatersrand gold mines: Incidence and prevalence; compensation 1902\u20131978","volume":"4","author":"Katz EN","year":"1979","journal-title":"S Afr Labour Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"The white death: Silicosis on the Witwatersrand gold mines, 1886\u20131910","author":"Katz EN","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Kafir socialism and the dawn of individualism; an introduction to the study of the native problem","author":"Kidd D","year":"1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"The Rand revolt: The 1922 insurrection and racial killing in South Africa","author":"Krikler J","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"Talking rocks: An investigation of the pit sense of rockfall accidents amongst underground gold miners","author":"Leger J\u2010P","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Occupational diseases in South African mines: A neglected epidemic","volume":"81","author":"Leger J\u2010P","year":"1992","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/01636545-2001-80-76"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3350241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830600609975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781782040422","volume-title":"South Africa's gold mines & the politics of silicosis","author":"McCulloch J","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0023656X.2013.807098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Tuberculosis among the South African natives","volume":"6","author":"McVicar N","year":"1908","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"The part\u2010time district surgeon in the Transkeian Territories","volume":"19","author":"Mears ARR","year":"1945","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"The Transkeian territories","volume":"17","author":"Mears G","year":"1943","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"OrensteinAJ.1921. Letter to Charles W Villiers Chairman Native Recruiting Corporation. February 18. BRA Rand Mines Sanitation Dept \u2010 Disease and Accident Reports 1919\u201053 53e1 444."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"OrensteinAJ.1925. Letter to AB du Toit Chairman Miners' Phthisis Board. December 21. TAD GNLB 397 50\/5 Miners' Phthisis. supervision of natives on mines in Rand area 1925\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OrensteinAJ.1930. Letter to Edward Thornton. November 12. SAB GES 566 41\/12.","DOI":"10.1177\/001452463004101208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","unstructured":"Orenstein AJ.1936. Mortality of tropical natives. Letter to general manager Transvaal Chamber of Mines. 1936. November 26. SAB GES 566 41\/12."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","volume-title":"White plague, Black labor: Tuberculosis and the political economy of health and disease in South Africa","author":"Packard RM","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Transkei Silicosis","volume":"41","author":"Palmer PES","year":"1967","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Medical missions in the Transkei","volume":"17","author":"Paterson MB","year":"1943","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"Black October: The impact of the Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918 on South Africa","author":"Phillips H","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1961. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1964. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1969. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1972. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1974. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa.1985. Report of the Compensation Commissioner for Occupational Diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","volume-title":"The hidden epidemic amongst former miners: silicosis, tuberculosis and the Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","author":"Roberts J","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1qdr01w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","volume-title":"Migrant labour and tribal life: A study of conditions in the Bechuanaland Protectorate","author":"Schapera I","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"Union Government. Examination of Natives Select Committee.1925. Examination of natives. TAD GNLB 397 50\/5 Miners' Phthisis: supervision of natives on mines in Rand area 1925\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960a. Pneumoconiosis Silicosis Act 47\/1946. Awards. Mafeteng Basutoland. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960b. Pneumoconiosis silicosis act 47\/1946. Awards. Ngqeleni. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960c. Pneumoconiosis. Silicosis Acts 47\/1946. Awards. Harding. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Pneumoconiosis in South Africa","volume":"46","author":"Sluis\u2010Cremer GK","year":"1972","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","unstructured":"South African Institute for Medical Research.1932. Tuberculosis among native mine labourers on the Witwatersrand. (Abstract). Public Health (official organ of the Society of Medical Officers of Health) October 1932 XLVI(1). Historical Papers WitsAD1715."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960a. Pneumoconiosis Silicosis Act 47\/1946. Awards. Mafeteng Basutoland. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960b. Pneumoconiosis silicosis act 47\/1946. Awards. Ngqeleni. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","unstructured":"Union of South Africa. Secretary for Native Affairs.1960c. Pneumoconiosis. Silicosis Acts 47\/1946. Awards. Harding. (NTS)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199810)34:4<305::AID-AJIM2>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Research Committee.1932. Tuberculosis in South African Natives with special reference to the disease amongst the mine labourers of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research Report Vol. V No 30."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"841","article-title":"Some aspects of the silicosis problem in South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Verster AWS","year":"1954","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","first-page":"568","article-title":"Disease patterns in Transkei and Ciskei","volume":"63","author":"Van der Walt E","year":"1983","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","unstructured":"Wellbeloved H Assistant native labour advisor.1927. Finger prints in re tuberculosis research. Chamber of Mines Archive Native Labour\u2010Miscellaneous 1928."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"The problem of the examination of labour recruits in the Transkeian Territories","volume":"20","author":"Welsh RH","year":"1922","journal-title":"S Afr Med Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","first-page":"866","article-title":"Tuberculin and x\u2010ray surveys in the Transkei","volume":"29","author":"Wiles FJ","year":"1955","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"The Future of medicine","volume":"22","author":"Williams L","year":"1942","journal-title":"Proc Transvaal Mine Med Off Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","volume-title":"Starving on a full stomach: hunger and the triumph of cultural racism in modern South Africa. [Reconsiderations in Southern African history]","author":"Wylie D","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","first-page":"346","article-title":"Tuberculosis amongst native mine labour recruits","volume":"19","author":"Young JF","year":"1921","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","unstructured":"Young TD. Director: Central Reference Bureau.1956. Mechanisation: Central Reference Bureau. NTS 9793 1027\/400 (9)(a) Central Reference Bureau u\/s (EA) 's papers regarding mechanisation."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","volume-title":"The emergence of modern South Africa: State, Capital, and the incorporation of organized labour on the South African Goldfields","author":"Yudelman D","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajim.22505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.22505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T02:55:46Z","timestamp":1718160946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.22505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.22505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22505","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]}}}