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Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate risks for firefighter, police, or armed forces compared to workers in other occupations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cohort of 1\u2009108\u2009410 men included 4535 firefighters, 10\u2009055 police, and 9165 armed forces. For firefighters, elevated risks were noted for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HR: 2.89, 95%CI: 1.29\u20106.46), melanoma (HR: 1.67, 95%CI: 1.17\u20102.37), and prostate cancer (HR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.01\u20101.37). Police had elevated risks for melanoma (HR:1.69, 95%CI: 1.32\u20102.16) and prostate cancer (HR:1.28, 95%CI: 1.14\u20101.42). No significant associations were found for armed forces workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canadian firefighters, police, and armed services, may be at an increased risk of developing certain cancers. Results suggested that a healthy worker effect may influence risk estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T04:11:45Z","timestamp":1533615105000},"page":"815-823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Surveillance of cancer risks for firefighters, police, and armed forces among men in a Canadian census cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9056-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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