{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T13:10:16Z","timestamp":1761311416051,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a systematic, data\u2010driven approach to estimate metrics of occupational exposure to lead to aid in epidemiologic analyses in a case\u2010control study of kidney cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probability of exposure to ten lead sources was assigned using decision rules developed from an extensive literature review and expert judgement. For jobs with <jats:styled-content>&gt;<\/jats:styled-content>50% probability of exposure, we assigned source\u2010specific frequency based on subjects\u2019 self\u2010reported task frequencies or means of subjects\u2019 job\u2010groups and source\u2010specific intensity estimates of blood lead (\u03bcg\/dL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, 18.7% of employed person\u2010years were associated with high (\u226580%) probability of exposure to any lead source. The most common medium (&gt;50%) or high probability source of lead exposure was leaded gasoline (2.5% and 11.5% of employed person\u2010years, respectively). The median blood lead attributed to occupational exposure was 3.1\u2009\u03bcg\/dL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These rules can aid in future studies after population\u2010specific adaption for geographic differences and different exposure scenarios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T11:07:04Z","timestamp":1538824024000},"page":"901-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Decision rule approach applied to estimate occupational lead exposure in a case\u2010control study of kidney cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Locke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Dopart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC Arlington Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kendra","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie J.","family":"Ruterbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry I.","family":"Graubard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan 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