{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:32:34Z","timestamp":1782487954574,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"No funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nickel (Ni) compounds have been classified as carcinogenic to humans. The aim of the study is to evaluate exposures to Ni at workplaces in Italy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on Ni compounds were collected from an occupational exposure registry. Statistical analysis was carried out for exposure\u2010related variables. The number of workers potentially exposed was estimated for selected industrial sectors. Concurrent exposures with other occupational carcinogens were investigated using two\u2010step cluster analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall 10\u2009083 measurements were analyzed during 1996\u20102016, having a geometric mean of 2.93\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. Most exposures occurred in manufacture of metal products (50%) and among metal finishing machine operators (46%). A total of 56\u2009046 workers potentially exposed to Ni was estimated. Concurrent exposures were frequently detected, mainly with chromium VI and cobalt compounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic recording of occupational exposures provides a data source that allows recognition of high risk situations for workers\u2019 health and helps improve exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T01:08:40Z","timestamp":1540343320000},"page":"968-977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nickel compounds in the workplaces: Occupations and activities involving high\u2010risk exposures in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Scarselli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Epidemiology and Hygiene Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL) Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Di Marzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Epidemiology and Hygiene Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL) Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9068-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Marinaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Epidemiology and Hygiene Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL) Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Iavicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Epidemiology and Hygiene Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority (INAIL) Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Chromium Nickel and Welding. Vol. 49. Lyon: IARC;1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Arsenic Metals Fibres and Dust. Vol. 100C. Lyon: IARC;2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for Nickel. Atlanta GA: ATSDR;1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP). Report on Carcinogens Fourteenth Edition: Nickel Compounds and Metallic Nickel. Research Triangle Park NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). National Occupational Exposure Survey (1981\u201083). Cincinnati OH: NIOSH Last update;1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2005.11.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Cincinnati OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Center for Disease Control and Prevention;1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Guide to Occupational Exposure Values. Cincinnati OH: ACGIH;2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational Safety and Health Standards Toxic and Hazardous Substances. Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910.1000. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration;1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL). Recommendation from the SCOEL for nickel and nickel inorganic compounds [SCOEL\/SUM\/85]. Brussels: SCOEL;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mem022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Workplace atmospheres\u2010Guidance for the assessment of exposure by inhalation to chemical agents for comparison with limit values and measurement strategy EN 689. Brussels: CEN;1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT). 9th Industry and Services Census. Rome: ISTAT;2011. Available at:http:\/\/dati\u2010censimentoindustriaeservizi.istat.it\/. Accessed Jan 10 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"SPSS. White paper\u2014technical report: The SPSS TwoStep Cluster Component\u2014A scalable component enabling more efficient customer segmentation. 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