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We examined exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions as a risk factor for NMRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a systematic literature review, we identified case reports and assessed cross\u2010sectional and mortality studies for strength of evidence of positive association (strong, intermediate, non\u2010significant positive association, none) between exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions and NMRD\u2010related morbidity and mortality, and conducted two meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed 62 articles. We identified 11 cases of NMRD. Nine (30%) of 30 cross\u2010sectional studies and one (4%) of 26 mortality studies had strong evidence. The summary odds ratio and SMR for the cross\u2010sectional and mortality meta\u2010analyses were 3.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28\u20106.51) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.82\u20100.99), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Available evidence supports rubber manufacturing emissions as a potential risk factor for NMRD\u2010related morbidity. Further investigations with longer follow\u2010up periods and inclusion of short\u2010tenured workers could further define risks for NMRD and identify prevention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T11:13:59Z","timestamp":1550488439000},"page":"367-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non\u2010malignant respiratory disease among workers in the rubber manufacturing industry: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morgantown West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morgantown West Virginia"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Cox\u2010Ganser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morgantown West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall J.","family":"Nett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morgantown West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.1.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/82759"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Ventilatory function in rubber processing workers: acute changes over the workshift","volume":"44","author":"Governa M","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199801)33:1<16::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 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