{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:17:53Z","timestamp":1761157073980,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Informal sector electronic waste (e\u2010waste) recovery produces toxic emissions resulting from burning e\u2010waste to recover valuable metals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify high\u2010risk worker groups by measuring relative levels of personal inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) of fine (\u22642.5\u2009\u00b5m) and coarse (2.5\u201310\u2009\u00b5m) fractions (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310,<\/jats:sub> respectively) across work activities among e\u2010waste workers, and to assess how wind conditions modify levels of PM by activity and site location.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the Agbogbloshie e\u2010waste site, 170 partial\u2010shift PM samples and time\u2010activity data were collected from participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009105) enrolled in the GeoHealth cohort study. Personal sampling included continuous measures of size\u2010specific PM from the worker's breathing zone and time\u2013activity derived from wearable cameras. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in personal PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub> associated with activities and evaluate effect modification by wind conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean (\u00b1standard deviation) personal PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub> concentrations were 80\u2009(\u00b1\n<jats:styled-content>\u2009<\/jats:styled-content>81) and 123\u2009(\u00b1\u2009139)\u2009\u00b5g\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, respectively. The adjusted mean PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentration for burning e\u2010waste was 88\u2009\u00b5g\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, a 28% increase above concentrations during non\u2010recovery activities (such as eating). Transportation\u2010related and burning activities were associated with the highest PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub> concentrations. Frequent changes in wind direction were associated with higher PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations when burning, and high wind speeds with higher PM<jats:sub>2.5\u201310<\/jats:sub> concentrations when dismantling e\u2010waste downwind of the burning zone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T15:40:25Z","timestamp":1612194025000},"page":"381-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Opportunities and challenges in reducing personal inhalation exposure to air pollution among electronic waste recovery workers in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2836-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoey","family":"Laskaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Batterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Arko\u2010Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Ghana School of Public Health Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhramar","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3079-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius N.","family":"Fobil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Ghana School of Public Health Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie S.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution","year":"2015","author":"IARC Monographs","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"volume-title":"Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture","year":"2018","author":"International Labour Office","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1"},{"volume-title":"The Global E\u2010Waste Monitor","year":"2017","author":"Balde K","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CarlsonK. Electronic waste worker health: studying complex problems in the real world. Proc Eighth Int Conf Inf Commun Technol Dev\u2014ICTD \u201916. Published online 2016:1\u20134.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909609.2909618","DOI":"10.1145\/2909609.2909618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70101-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-018-0222-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-015-0391-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es302272a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Blacksmith Institute.\u00a02013. The world's worst: the top ten toxic threats. Cleanup progress and ongoing challenges. Blacksmith Institute ed.http:\/\/www.worstpolluted.org\/. Accessed January 26 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Amoyaw\u2010OseiY AgyekumOO PwamangJA MuellerE FaskoR SchluepM. Ghana E\u2010waste country\u00a0assessment.\u00a02011.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ewasteguide.info\/files\/Amoyaw-Osei_2011_GreenAd-Empa.pdf%5Cnhttp:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Ghana+e-Waste+Country+Assessment#0. Accessed January 26 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.06.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04282-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5696\/jhp.v1i1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2090-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2014.11.0292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es501973d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es000077n"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GH000247"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"MenneMJ DurreI KorzeniewskiB et al. Global Historical Climatology Network\u2014Daily (GHCN\u2010Daily). NOAA National Climatic Data Center.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7289\/V5D21VHZ. Accessed January 26 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","unstructured":"Integrated Surface Database (ISD).\u00a0NOAA National Climatic Data Center.\u00a02019.https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/isd. Accessed September 1 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500212"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1985.10466020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2010.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199209000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.\u00a0Particulates.\u00a01988. OSHA PEL Project Documentation.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/pel88\/pelstart.html. Accessed January 9 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","unstructured":"Pure Earth. Ghana (Agbogbloshie)\u2014E\u2010waste recycling.https:\/\/www.pureearth.org\/blog\/tag\/agbogbloshie\/. Accessed January 26 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0014"},{"volume-title":"Final Report to People's Dialogue on Human Settlements","year":"2010","author":"Housing the Masses","key":"e_1_2_12_49_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/challe4020136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2005.04.001"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.23229","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajim.23229","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.23229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T20:17:51Z","timestamp":1693599471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.23229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.23229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.23229","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0271-3586"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-0274"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}