{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:58:18Z","timestamp":1782331098563,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a rare multisystem granulomatous disease traditionally considered to be of unknown etiology. The notion that sarcoidosis has no known cause is called into question with the increasing number of case reports and epidemiologic studies showing associations between occupational exposures and disease published in the past 10\u201320 years. Occupational exposures for which associations are strongest and most consistent are silica and other inorganic dusts, World Trade Center (WTC) dust, and metals. Occupations identified as at\u2010risk for sarcoidosis include construction workers; iron\u2010foundry and diatomaceous earth workers; WTC emergency responders; and metal workers. We report here 12 cases of sarcoidosis in a cohort of hard\u2010rock miners in Northern Ontario, Canada. To our knowledge sarcoidosis has not been reported previously in hard\u2010rock miners. The cases are all male and Caucasian, with average age 74 years. At the time of diagnosis, two were never smokers; six, former smokers; and four, current smokers. Five have extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: two cardiac and three endocrine (hypercalciuria). Using occupational histories and air sampling data from the gold, uranium, and base\u2010metal mines in which they worked, we examined exposure of each case to respirable crystalline silica (RCS). The annual mean RCS exposure for the 12 cases was 0.14\u2009mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (range: 0.06\u20131.3\u2009mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>); and the mean cumulative RCS exposure was 1.93\u2009mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0years (range: 0.64\u20134.03\u2009mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0years). We also considered their exposure to McIntyre Powder, an aluminum powder used for silicosis prophylaxis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1644847755000},"page":"268-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sarcoidosis in Northern Ontario hard\u2010rock miners: A case series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1866-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. Christine","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Sudbury Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sampara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Sudbury Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Sudbury Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Martell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Sudbury Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Zarnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Sudbury Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Center for Research in Occupational Safety and Health Laurentian University Sudbury Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-187704000-00040","volume-title":"Illustrations of Clinical Surgery","author":"Hutchinson J","year":"1877"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Multiple benign sarcoid of the skin","volume":"17","author":"Boeck C","year":"1899","journal-title":"J Cutan Genitourinary Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"ATS\/ERS\/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis: American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Muller\u2010Society\/World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Huntingdale GW","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0251ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60680-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2106001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.21030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and denim sandblasting: a case report","volume":"43","author":"Uzkeser H","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in iron\u2010steel industry: mini case series","volume":"34","author":"Uzmezoglu B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in a patient clinically diagnosed with silicosis; is silica associated sarcoidosis a new phenotype","volume":"28","author":"Beijer E","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.10.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqz118"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016839"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038926"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31822a3596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283515173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00197808"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Sarcoidosis, inorganic dust exposure and content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: the MINISARC pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Catinon M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700160104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2019.1657581"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","unstructured":"WarczokM. 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